Photoresponsive protein hydrogels and methods and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides light-sensitive protein hydrogels, and methods of their use thereof. The hydrogels can be used for cell encapsulation, culturing, and selective release under appropriate light conditions.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on May 4, 2018, is named Y7564-00002_SL.txt and is 65,309 bytes in size.

FIELD

The present disclosure is generally related to novel photoresponsive protein hydrogels and methods and uses thereof. More specifically, the disclosure provides composition and methods for cell encapsulation and selective release by modulating the gelation of the cellular environment using B12-dependent photoresponsive protein hydrogels.

BACKGROUND

The following includes information that may be useful in understanding various aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art, or relevant, to the presently described or claimed inventions, or that any publication or document that is specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

Noted for their biomimetic properties, hydrogels are used for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, stem cell therapy and regeneration medicine and tissue engineering. Hydrogels are also favored in cell culture platforms due it their tissue-like softness and desired water content.

Traditional hydrogels made up of either synthetic polymers or natural biomolecules often serve as passive scaffolds for molecular or cellular species, which render these materials unable to fully recapitulate the dynamic signaling involved in biological processes, such as cell/tissue development. Thus, there is a need to design stimuli-responsive, dynamic hydrogels that can accommodate or mimic the complexity of biological systems.

A type of dynamically tunable hydrogel is a photoresponsive hydrogel. Photoresponsive hydrogels utilize light as a tool to control molecules or cell behavior with high spatiotemporal precision and little invasiveness. Through advancement of synthetic chemistry, progress has been made in making photoresponsive hydrogels with dynamically tunable properties. Through a combination of orthogonal click reactions and photochemistry, some of these synthetic hydrogels can be mechanically and chemically patterned in situ by light while being used for 3D cell culturing, and diverse photoactive chemical moieties have also been incorporated into synthetic hydrogels to create photoresponsive devices for controlled therapeutic release.

Assembling genetically engineered proteins into molecular networks represents an alternative strategy to make hydrogels with well-controlled properties. Although natural evolution has led to numerous functional protein domains that can sense and respond to a variety of environmental stimuli, such as light, oxidative stress, pH, small molecules, metal ions, etc., such ecological diversity has yet to be fully tapped to develop responsive biomaterials with dynamically tunable properties.

Cell culture is typically carried out by seeding a suitable medium with cells of a population to be expanded. Certain adherent cell types, such as human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent cells (iPC's), are more effectively cultured by providing a surface upon which the cells can adhere to and proliferate. After adhesion and proliferation, the cultured cells need to be harvested and therefore released from the surface. Release of the cells is typically promoted by techniques such as mechanical scraping, chemical or enzymatic treatment, sonication, or a combination thereof.

The inventors have recognized that common cell release techniques can present a number of disadvantages. For example, mechanical scraping can damage the cells, and it is often not suitable for use in confined spaces such as small diameter wells or with three dimensional structures. The use of biological (e.g., protease), or thermal methods (e.g., lowering temperature below LCST) can present a few problems including inefficient release, cell damage or death and/or present a risk of introducing impurities into the cultured cells. For example, a common agent such as trypsin is known to promote deterioration of cell function. Furthermore, certain cells can be particularly adherent to a given substrate and need to be subjected to forcing conditions to promote their release, the effect of which results in a degree of cell damage.

As stated above, hydrogels, such as protein hydrogels, are used in cell culture platforms since they closely mimic native extracellular matrix, which is not only due to their identical nature of the chemical compositions (poly-(amino acid)), but also due to their similar built-in functional moieties (e.g., RGD cell adhesion site and matrix metalloproteinase cleavage site) that assist in cell adhesion or migration. As a result, cell growth, proliferation and differentiation can be controlled on such cell culture platforms including hydrogels.

However, even with the use of present hydrogels in cell culture platforms, there is still a need to improve cell release techniques to maximize harvesting cultured cells in an efficient manner while minimizing damage to and/or loss of the cultured cells.

Additionally, there is a need to improve synthesis techniques for stimuli-responsive “smart” protein-based hydrogels since it is a major challenge to assemble complex globular proteins into supramolecular architectures efficiently while preserving their function.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In light of the above, the present invention is based on the surprising discovery of novel light-responsive protein hydrogels made of recombinant proteins that can be used as substrates for at least the dual purposes of cell culture and cell release.

For example, in one aspect, a light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix comprising a plurality of adenosylcobalamin (AdoB₁₂)-dependent photoreceptor C-terminal adenosylcobalamin binding domain (CarHc or CarH_(C)) proteins, wherein each CarHc protein is covalently stitched with another CarHc protein using genetically encoded SpyTag-SpyCatcher chemistry. The resulting light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix comprises a plurality of physically self-assembled CarHc polymers that exhibit a rapid gel-sol transition (gelation or change from a liquid state to a gel state) on light exposure, which enabled the facile release/recovery of cells from 3D cultures while maintaining their viability. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix can establish an elastic network with “solid” like properties (where the Young's Modulus is greater than zero) or a hydrogel in the presence of adenosylcobalamin in the dark, and the elastic molecular network disassembles or undergoes solid-to-liquid (so-lq) transition under a light condition with wavelength ranging from about 300 nm to about 600 nm. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix can further comprise one or more chromophore (such as cobalamin derivatives like cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and/or any other chemically modified cobalamin) and/or one or more a chromophore-hosting protein that comprises a part of CarH with a chromophore. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix can also encapsulate and release bulky globular proteins, such as mCherry, in a light-dependent manner. Such direct assembly of stimuli-responsive proteins into a light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix represents a versatile strategy for designing dynamically tunable materials.

One of the technological advantages of the light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix and hydrogels comprising a light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix is that it requires no chemical modification to achieve light-responsiveness. This is a grand departure from existing synthetic polymer-based hydrogels that rely on synthetic light-responsive moieties and chemical modification, as well as existing protein hydrogels that have no light-responsiveness function. Further, the cell culture and release platform generated by the light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix enables facile cell release with non-invasive protocol-based on light while preserving the advantages of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein-based platform, including similarities in chemical and biological compositions.

In some aspects, this disclosure relates to a light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix which can comprise:

-   -   (a) one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator         complexes connected to one or a plurality of a first         extracellular matrix protein fragments, and     -   (b) two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a         plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments.

In some aspects, this disclosure relates to a light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix where the light-responsive gelation initiator complex can comprise a protein photoreceptor.

In some aspects, this disclosure relates to a light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix which can comprise one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator complexes comprising a protein photoreceptor CarHc and a multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin, connected to one or a plurality of a first extracellular matrix protein fragments, and two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments, where the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 18), wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to glutamate ranges from 100:1 to 1:100, n is an integer selected from 1 to 50, the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and SpyCatcher, and the matrix is responsive to light comprising a wavelength from about 300 nm to about 600 nm.

In some aspects, the light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix further comprises a first telechelic biopolymer which can comprise a first light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the first extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a first two or more cross-linkable proteins, and a second telechelic biopolymer which comprises a second light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable proteins.

In some aspects, said first telechelic biopolymer can be a recombinant protein encoding for the first light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the first extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a first two or more cross-linkable proteins, and said second telechelic biopolymer can be a recombinant protein encoding for the second light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable proteins.

In some aspects, the protein photoreceptor can be selected from: CarHc, light oxygen voltage sensing domain (LOV), photoactive yellow protein (PYP), phytochrome, and cytochrome. In some aspects, the protein photoreceptor is CarHc.

In some aspects, the light-responsive gelation initiator complex can further comprise a multi-dentate ligand. The multi-dentate ligand can include or exclude: adenosylcobalamin, cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, flavin, biliverdin, and streptavidin. In some aspects, the multi-dentate ligand can be adenosylcobalamin.

In some aspects, the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments can be independently selected from fragments of: collagen, fibronectin, gelatin, elastin, immunoglobulin G-binding protein G (GB1), procollagen, and combinations thereof. In some aspects, the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from fragments of elastin. The elastin fragments can comprise a repeating polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 19), wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to glutamate ranges from 100:1 to 1:100, and n is an integer between 1 to 100. In some aspects, the ratio of valine to glutamate can range from 10:1 to 1:10. In some aspects, the ratio of valine to glutamate is 4:1. In some aspects, n is an integer between 1 to 10. In some aspects, n is 15.

In some aspects, the two or more cross-linkable proteins can be selected from: SpyTag and SpyCatcher, SnoopTag and SnoopCatcher, SdyTag and SdyCatcher, Pilin-C and Pilin-N, Cpe0147-A and Cpe0147-B, CL7 and Im7, and Strep-Tag and Streptavidin. In some aspects, the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and SpyCatcher.

In some aspects, the matrix can be responsive to light with a wavelength from about 300 nm to about 600 nm. In some aspects, the matrix can be responsive to light with a wavelength of about 520 nm. In some aspects, the matrix can exhibit a phase transition from gel to solution upon exposure to light including but not limited to near-ultraviolet (<300 nm), visible (300-800 nm) and/or near-infrared light (>800 nm). In some aspects, the light-responsive gelation initiator complex can comprise the protein photoreceptor CarHc, the light-responsive gelation initiator complex further comprises the multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin, the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 20), wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to glutamate is 4:1, and n is 15, the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and SpyCatcher, and the matrix is responsive to light with a wavelength from about 300 nm to about 600 nm.

In some aspects, a first telechelic biopolymer can comprise a first light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the first extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a first two or more cross-linkable proteins, and a second telechelic biopolymer can comprise a second light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable proteins.

In some aspects, the first telechelic biopolymer can be a recombinant protein encoding for the first light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the first extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a first two or more cross-linkable proteins, and the second telechelic biopolymer can be a recombinant protein encoding for the second light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable proteins.

In some aspects, the first telechelic biopolymer and second telechelic biopolymer independently can have the linkage structure selected from: CarHc-elastin-CarHc or CarHc-elastin-CarHc-elastin-CarHc. In some aspects, the first telechelic biopolymer and second telechelic biopolymer independently can have the linkage structure selected from: SpyTag-CarHc-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-CarHc-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-CarHc-SpyCatcher, Spy-Tag-CarHc, SpyCatcher-CarHc, and CarHc-CL7.

In some aspects, the first telechelic biopolymer and second telechelic biopolymer independently can have the linkage structure selected from: SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc, SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc, CarH_(C)-ELP-RGD-ELP-CarH_(C), and CarHc-elastin-CL7.

In some aspects, the light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix can further comprise a cell. In some aspects, the cell can be a mammalian cell. In some aspects, the mammalian cell can be a fibroblast or a stem cell. The stem cell can be a mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC).

In some aspects, the light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix can further comprise an non-covalently bound protein. The non-covalently bound protein can be selected from therapeutic protein, cytokine, or a fluorescent protein. In some aspects, the fluorescent protein can be mCherry, GFP, RFP, YFP, CFP and/or any other genetically encoded fluorescent molecule. In some aspects, the therapeutic protein can be an antibody.

In some aspects, the light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix can further comprise water. The water content of the hydrogel can be in the range from 70% to 99.5% (w/w). In some aspects, the protein photoreceptor content of the hydrogel can be in the range from 0.001% to 0.5% (w/w).

In some aspects, this disclosure relates to an oligonucleotide sequence which can encode a linkage structure selected from: CarHc-elastin-CarHc, CarHc-elastin-CarHc-elastin-CarHc, SpyTag-CarHc-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-CarHc-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-CarHc-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-CarHc, SpyCatcher-CarHc, CarHc-CL7, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc, SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc, and CarHc-elastin-CL7.

In some aspects, the oligonucleotide can comprise a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1, or SEQ ID NO: 2. In some aspects, the oligonucleotide sequence can have higher than 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 97.5%, 98%, or 99% homology to either that of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.

In some aspects, this disclosure relates to a vector which can comprise one or more oligonucleotide sequences which encode a linkage structure selected from: CarHc-elastin-CarHc, CarHc-elastin-CarHc-elastin-CarHc, SpyTag-CarHc-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-CarHc-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-CarHc-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-CarHc, SpyCatcher-CarHc, CarHc-CL7, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc, SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc, and CarHc-elastin-CL7. In some aspects, this disclosure relates to a plasmid comprising said vector.

In some aspects, this disclosure relates to a method for producing a light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix, where the method can comprise dissolving one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator complexes connected to one or a plurality of a first extracellular matrix protein fragments and two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments in an aqueous solution to form a gelation mixture wider light which does not comprise a wavelength of less than about 600 nm, where the light-responsive gelation initiator complex comprises the protein photoreceptor CarHc, the light-responsive gelation initiator complex further comprises the multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin, the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n), (SEQ ID NO: 20), wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to glutamate is 4:1, and n is 15, and the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and SpyCatcher.

In some aspects, this disclosure relates to a method of encapsulating cells in a photoresponsive hydrogel matrix, where the method can comprise the steps of: (a) dissolving one or more cells in an aqueous solution, (b) dissolving one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator complexes connected to one or a plurality of a first extracellular matrix protein fragments and two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments in the aqueous solution comprising one or more cells to form a gelation mixture under light which does not comprise a wavelength of less than about 600 nm, where the light-responsive gelation initiator complex comprises the protein photoreceptor CarHc, the light-responsive gelation initiator complex further comprises the multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin, the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 20), wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to glutamate is 4:1, and n is 15, and the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and SpyCatcher. In some aspects, the method can further comprise the steps of: (c) contacting the gelation mixture with cell growth media to form a gelation growth media, and (d) incubating the gelation growth media to form incubated gelation growth media. In some aspects, the method can further comprise the step of: (e) irradiating the incubated gelation growth media with light comprising a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm to transform the hydrogel into a liquid.

Altogether the present study provides evidence for culturing cells in vitro using light-sensitive protein hydrogels of this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1A shows the synthesis of photoresponsive CarHc hydrogel, where light exposure dissembles tetrameric CarHc accompanied by the degradation of AdoB12, the release of 4′,5′-anhydroadenosine, and the coordination of His132 to the metal center. Tetrameric CarHc is Protein Data Bank ID code 5C8A. Telechelic biopolymer is CarHc (Protein Data Bank ID code 5C8F).

FIG. 1B shows the two telechelic recombinant proteins, ACA and BCB, which are co-polymerized through SpyTag-SpyCatcher chemistry. The resulting polymers can further be assembled into a molecular network through AdoB12-induced CarHc tetramerization in the dark and dissembled on light exposure. ApoCarHc is the CarHc protein without AdoB12.

FIG. 2A shows AdoB12-dependent photoresponsiveness of CarHc hydrogels of the present disclosure, including where evolution of the storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ of ACA+BCB in the presence and absence of AdoB12 at room temperature (25° C.) in the dark (without light from a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm) as a function of time.

FIG. 2B shows the gel-sol (hydrogel to aqueous solution) phase transition induced by light having a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm. Upon white light exposure (at an intensity of 30 klux), the G′ and G″ of the CarHc hydrogel were monitored at a fixed shear frequency of 1 rad/sec and strain of 5%.

FIG. 2C shows the gel-sol transition rates of the CarHc hydrogels are affected by light intensity. The normalized storage modulus (G′/G′_(o)) of the materials exposed to the 30- and 90-klux lights is compared. The G′ values corresponding to the 30-klux light exposure were from the same measurement show in FIG. 2B.

FIG. 2D shows the response of the CarHc hydrogel toward pulsed light (90 klux). Exponential decay cure fitting was used.

FIG. 3A shows the encapsulation of 3T3 fibroblasts by the physically assembled light-sensitive (or photosensitive) protein hydrogels comprising a plurality of CarHc, each CarHc comprising the linkage structure of ACA+BCB+AdoB12.

FIG. 3B shows the encapsulation of MSCs by the same motif mentioned above. Representative confocal fluorescence z-slice micrographs of live (green; calcein AM) and dead (red; ethidium homodimer) cells.

FIG. 4A shows the release of encapsulated cells by light-induced gel-sol transition, where the cells are mouse 3T3 fibroblasts.

FIG. 4B shows the live/dead staining of recovered 3T3 fibroblasts. For both FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, the cells were encapsulated by light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc (red) and cultured for 24 hrs. Cell release was initiated by exposing the 3D cell culture to white light (22 klux). The hydrogel is immersed in PBS buffer. Representative bright-field micrographs (0, 100, 200, and 300 seconds after light exposure) are shown. Dashed lines indicate the gel boundaries.

FIG. 4C shows the release of encapsulated cells by light-induced gel-sol transition, where the cells are hMSCs.

FIG. 4D the live/dead staining (live—green; calcein AM; dead—red; ethidium homodimer) of recovered hMSCs.

FIG. 5A shows protein immobilization and light-induced release enabled by the covalently cross-linked light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc with a schematic showing the immobilization and release of the mCherry-CarHc protein. The hydrogel (8.6 wt %) is composed of AAA and BCB at a 2:3 molar ratio, a stoichiometric amount of AdoB12, and the fusion protein mCherry-CarHc (50 μM). CarHc tetramerization leads to the mCherry immobilization into the hydrogel in the dark. The photolysis of AdoB12 disassembles tetrameric CarHc and facilitates the release of mcherry-CarHc.

FIG. 5B shows the release profiles of mCherry-CarHc from the hydrogels that were subjected to 0, 1, and 10 min of white light exposure. The percentage release of mCherry was calculated based on the total amount of mCherry added into the gel. Error bars show SDs from three independent measurements.

FIG. 6 shows the SDS-PAGE analysis of the expressed proteins purified by Ni-NTA chromatography,

FIG. 7 shows the MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the telechelic recombinant protein with the linkage structure of “ACA”, where A is SpyTag and C is ApoCarHc.

FIG. 8 shows the MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the telechelic recombinant protein with the linkage structure of “BCB”, where B is SpyCatcher and C is ApoCarHc.

FIG. 9 shows SEC (size-exclusion chromatography) traces of the reaction product of ACA+BCB, the photolytic product of the ACA+BCB+AdoB12, ACA and BCB. The light-sensitive protein hydrogel comprising ACA+BCB AdoB12 was exposed to White light (comprising a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm) for complete degradation before the SEC analysis.

FIG. 10A shows the frequency sweep measurements performed in the dark with the strain fixed at 5% on the physically self-assembled light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc composed of the linkage structure ACA+BCB+AdoB12 at different temperatures including room temperature (25, 37, and 16° C.).

FIG. 10B shows the strain sweep measured performed in the dark with the frequency fixed at 1 rad/sec on the physically self-assembled light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc composed of the linkage structure ACA+BCB+AdoB12 at different temperatures including room temperature (25, 37, and 16° C.).

FIG. 11 shows the swelling of the physically self-assembled light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc composed of the linkage structure ACA+BCB+AdoB12 at room temperature in the dark. Error bars indicated the standard deviations from three independent measurements.

FIG. 12 shows the erosion profile of the physically self-assembled light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc composed of the linkage structure ACA+BCB+AdoB12 at room temperature in the dark. The hydrogels were prepared by mixing 31 uL BCB (10 wt. % in PBS), 19 uL ACA (10 wt. % in PBS), and 10 uL AdoB12 (0.2 mM in PBS) and allowed to cure at room temperature in the dark for 24 h before being immersed by 1 mL PBS (day 0). From day 1, 5 uL supernatant was extracted for analysis every 24 h. The protein concentration was calculated based on the following equations: A(280)[protein]=A(280)−A(522)*{A(280)[AdoB12, 100 μM]/A(522)[AdoB12, 100 μM]}, and Conc.(protein)=A(280)[protein]/ext. coeff.

FIG. 13 shows the MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the telechelic protein with the linkage structure of “AAA”.

FIG. 14A shows the time-sweep measurements performed in the dark with the strain fixed at 5% on the physically self-assembled light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc composed of the linkage structure AAA+BCB+AdoB12 at room temperature in the dark.

FIG. 14B shows the frequency-sweep measurements performed in the dark with the frequency fixed at 1 rad/sec on the physically self-assembled light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc composed of the linkage structure AAA+BCB+AdoB12 at room temperature.

FIG. 14C shows the strain-sweep measurements performed in the dark with the strain fixed at 5% on the physically self-assembled light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc composed of the linkage structure ACA+BCB+AdoB12 at room temperature.

FIG. 15 shows the erosion profile of the physically self-assembled light-sensitive protein hydrogels comprising CarHc composed of the linkage structure AAA+BCB+AdoB12 at room temperature in the dark. The hydrogels were prepared by mixing 31 uL BCB (10 wt. % in PBS), 19 uL AAA (10 wt. % in PBS), and 10 uL AdoB12 (0.2 mM in PBS) and allowed to cure at room temperature in the dark for 24 h before being immersed by mL PBS (day 0). From day 1, 5 uL supernatant was extracted for analysis every 24 h.

FIG. 16 shows the MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of mCherry-CarHc.

FIG. 17 shows the release of mCherry from the covalently cross-linked light-sensitive polymer hydrogel comprising CarHc comprised of the linkage structure AAA+BCB+AdoB12. The mCherry protein is physically encapsulated by the light-sensitive protein hydrogel. Light (comprising wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm) for 10 min did not affect the release of mCherry in the absence of the CarHcdomain. Error bars show SDs from three independent experiments.

FIG. 18 shows the stability of the covalently cross-linked light-sensitive polymer hydrogel comprising CarHc comprised of the linkage structure AAA+BCB+AdoB12, toward the TEV protease under dark and bright (white LED light comprising a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm) at 90 klux. The hydrogels (8.6% (w/w), 20 uL) were treated with TEV (2.5 mg/mL, 120 uL in PBS) at room temperature for 12 h. The hydrogels were resistant toward TEV digestion under both dark (no wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm) and bright light (with a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm) conditions. The hydrogel in the tube exposed to light (with wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm) is not observable even after adjusting contrast and brightness. Error bars show SDs from three independent experiments.

FIG. 19A shows the polynucleotide sequence information of the linkage structure BCB (SEQ ID NO: 1).

FIG. 19B shows the polypeptide sequence information of the linkage structure BCB (SEQ ID NO: 2). The segments in red and green are SpyCatcher and CarHc, respectively. The underlined segments are TEV protease cutting sites.

FIG. 20A shows polynucleotide the sequence information of the linkage structure ACA (SEQ ID NO: 3).

FIG. 20B shows the polypeptide sequence information of the linkage structure ACA (SEQ ID NO: 4). The segments in red and green are SpyTag and CarHc, respectively.

FIG. 21A shows the polynucleotide sequence information of the linkage structure mCherry-CarHc (SEQ ID NO: 5).

FIG. 21B shows the polypeptide sequence information of the linkage structure mCherry-CarHc (SEQ ID NO: 6). The segments in purple and green are mCherry and CarHc, respectively.

FIG. 22 shows a photograph of cell-laden light-sensitive protein hydrogel (ACA+BCB+AdoB12) in a cell culture dish soaked in media.

FIG. 23 shows the encapsulation of MSCs by the physically assembled light-sensitive (or photosensitive) protein hydrogels comprising a plurality of CarHc, each CarHc comprising the linkage structure of ACA+BCB+AdoB12. Representative confocal fluorescence z-slice micrographs of live (green; calcein AM) and dead (red; ethidium homodimer) cells.

FIG. 24A shows the live/dead stain of cells released once.

FIG. 24B shows the live/dead stain of cells further encapsulated in a new piece of hydrogel then released again.

FIG. 25A shows the linkage construct of another embodiment of the present disclosure, where CarHc serves as both a photo-crosslinkable protein and a light-sensitive gelation initiator in the presence of AdoB12.

FIG. 25B shows the frequency- and strain-sweep tests on the physically self-assembled photosensitive protein hydrogels comprising a linkage construct of CarHc-Elp-RGD-Elp-CarHc in the presence of AdoB₁₂ in the dark (no light between about 300 nm and about 600 nm), indicating gelation formation.

FIG. 25C shows the frequency- and strain-sweep tests on the hydrogel in the presence of light comprising a wavelength from about 300 nm and about 600 nm at an intensity of 90 klux, indicating the gel-to-sol liquid phase transition.

FIG. 26A shows the linkage construct of the nucleotide sequence of AA (SpyTag-Elastin Protein-SpyTag) (SEQ ID NO: 7).

FIG. 26B shows the linkage construct of the polypeptide sequence of AA (SEQ ID NO: 8).

FIG. 27A shows the linkage construct of the nucleotide sequence of AAA (SpyTag-Elastin Protein-SpyTag-Elastin Protein-SpyTag) (SEQ NO: 9).

FIG. 27B shows the linkage construct of the polypeptide sequence of AAA (SEQ ID NO: 10).

FIG. 28A shows the linkage construct of the nucleotide sequence of BB (SpyCatcher-Elastin Protein-SpyCatcher) (SEQ ID NO: 11).

FIG. 28B shows the linkage construct of the polypeptide sequence of BB (SEQ ID NO: 12).

FIG. 29 shows the summary of the plasmid constructs, primers, and sources of manufacture of the polynucleotides used in this study. “His6” is disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 25.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As well, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. It is also to be noted that the terms “comprising”, “including”, and “having” can be used interchangeably.

The practice of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Martians (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed., 1985); Culture Of Animal Cells (R. I. Freshney, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); the treatise, Methods In Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc., N.Y.); Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds., 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Methods in Enzymology, Vols. 154 and 155 (Wu et al. eds), Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds., Academic Press, London, 1987); Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, by Harlow and Lane s (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988); and Handbook Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds., 1986).

Conventional release media used in cell culture often lack versatility in that a given medium, such as a substrate suitable for cell culture, and therefore will often not be a suitable medium for use in other applications such as confined protein release.

The present invention provides for light-sensitive protein hydrogels made of recombinant proteins that can be used as substrates for cell culture and cell release. The present invention also demonstrates the successful polymerization of the elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-fusion CarH_(C) protein using SpyTag-SpyCatcher chemistry. CarH_(C) tetramerization in the presence of AdoB12 in the dark eventually led to the formation of a hydrogel that can undergo a rapid gel-sol transition on light exposure. The CarH_(C) domains tetramerize when binding to adenosylcobalamin (AdoB12) in the dark and can readily dissociate into monomers accompanied with a drastic protein conformational change caused by the cleavage of the C—Co bond on exposure to green (522 nm) or white light (FIG. 1A.). This result illustrates a versatile strategy for developing stimuli-responsive protein materials for biomedical applications, such as controlled therapeutic release and cell recovery, from 3D cultures.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, the term “composition” refers to a product comprising one or more ingredients.

As used herein, the term “protein” refers to any polymer of two or more individual amino acids (whether or not naturally occurring) linked via peptide bonds, as occur when the carboxyl carbon atom of the carboxylic acid group bonded to the alpha-carbon of one amino acid (or amino acid residue) becomes covalently bound to the amino nitrogen atom of the amino group bonded to the alpha-carbon of an adjacent amino acid. These peptide bond linkages, and the atoms comprising them (i.e., alpha-carbon atoms, carboxyl carbon atoms (and their substituent oxygen atoms), and amino nitrogen atoms (and their substituent hydrogen atoms)) form the “polypeptide backbone” of the protein. In addition, as used herein, the term “protein” is understood to include the terms “polypeptide” and “peptide” (which, at times, may be used interchangeably herein). Similarly, protein fragments, analogs, derivatives, and variants are may be referred to herein as “proteins,” and shall be deemed to be a “protein” unless otherwise indicated. The term “fragment” of a protein refers to a polypeptide comprising fewer than all of the amino acid residues of the protein. As will be appreciated, a “fragment” of a protein may be a form of the protein truncated at the amino terminus, the carboxy terminus, and/or internally (such as by natural splicing), and may also be variant and/or derivative. A “domain” of a protein is also a fragment, and comprises the amino acid residues of the protein required to confer biochemical activity corresponding to naturally occurring protein. Truncated molecules that are linear biological polymers such as nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides may have one or more of a deletion from either terminus of the molecule and/or one or more deletions from a non-terminal region of the molecule, where such deletions may be deletions of from about 1-1500 contiguous nucleotide or amino acid residues, preferably about 1-500 contiguous nucleotide or amino acid residues and more preferably about 1-300 contiguous nucleotide or amino acid residues, including deletions of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-74, 75-100, 101-150, 151-200, 201-250 or 251-299 contiguous nucleotide or amino acid residues.

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule amplification, replication, and/or expression vehicle in the form of a plasmid, phage, viral, or other system (be it naturally occurring or synthetic) for the delivery of nucleic acids to cells where the plasmid, phage, or virus may be functional with bacterial, yeast, invertebrate, and/or mammalian host cells. The vector may remain independent of host cell genomic DNA or may integrate in Whole or in part with the genomic DNA. The vector will generally but need not contain all necessary elements so as to be functional in any host cell it is compatible with. An “expression vector” is a vector capable of directing the expression of an exogenous polynucleotide, for example, a polynucleotide encoding a binding domain fusion protein, under appropriate conditions.

As used herein, the term “percent (%) homology” refers to the percentage of sequence similarity found in a comparison of two or more sequences. Percent identity can be determined, electronically using any suitable software.

As described herein, the term “homology” includes polynucleotides that may be a homologue of sequence in the oligonucleotide encoding for the described linkage structures (e.g. DNA), Such polynucleotides typically have at least about 70% homology, preferably at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 922/6, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 97.5%, 98%, 99% or higher homology with the relevant sequence, for example over a region of at least about 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100 more contiguous nucleotides (of the homologous sequence).

Homology may be calculated based on any method in the art For example the UWGCG Package provides the BESTFIT program which can be used to calculate homology (for example used on its default settings) (Devereux et al. (1984) Nucleic Acids Research 12, p 387-395). The PILEUP and BLAST algorithms can be used to calculate homology or line up sequences (typically on their default settings), for example as described in Altschul S. F. (1993); J Mol Evol 36: 290-300; Altschul, S. F. et al.; (1990); J Mol Biol 215: 403-10. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/L). This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pair by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence that either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find HSPs containing them. The word hits are extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Extensions for the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLAST program uses as defaults a word length (W) of 11, the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff and Henikoff (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10915-10919) alignments (B) of 50, expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=4, and a comparison of both strands.

The BLAST algorithm performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences; see e.g., Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-5787. One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a sequence is considered similar to another sequence if the smallest sum probability in comparison of the first sequence is less than about 1, preferably less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

The homologous sequence typically differs from the relevant sequence by at least (or by no more than) about 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 or more mutations (which may be substitutions, deletions or insertions). These mutations may be measured across any of the regions mentioned above in relation to calculating homology. The homologous sequence typically hybridizes selectively to the original sequence at a level significantly above background.

As used herein, the term “cell” refers to any living cell suitable for the desired application. Cells include eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

In some embodiments of the methods and combinations described herein, the eukaryotic cells are mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cells are human cells. In other embodiments, the eukaryotic cells are non-mammalian cells, which can include or exclude insect or yeast cells.

Mammalian cells that may be captured, cultured, or released by the methods or compositions described herein can include or exclude the following cell types: cells of the integumentary system: keratinizing epithelial cells, epidermal, epidermal basal cell, keratinocyte of fingernails and toenails, nail bed basal cell, medullary hair shaft cell, cortical hair shaft cell, cuticular hair shaft cell, cuticular hair root sheath cell, hair root sheath cell of huxley's layer, hair root sheath cell of Henle's layer, external hair root sheath cell, and hair matrix cell; wet stratified barrier epithelial cells: surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, distal urethra and vagina; basal cell of epithelia of cornea, tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, distal urethra and vagina; urinary epithelium cell; gland cells: exocrine secretory epithelial cells: salivary gland mucous cell, salivary gland serous cell, von Ebner's gland cell in tongue, mammary gland cell, lacrimal gland cell, ceruminous gland cell in ear, eccrine sweat gland dark cell, eccrine sweat gland clear cell, apocrine sweat gland cell, gland of moll cell in eyelid, sebaceous gland cell, Bowman's gland cell in nose, Brunner's gland cell in duodenum, seminal vesicle cell, prostate gland cell, bulbourethral gland cell, Bartholin's gland cell, gland of hare cell, uterus endometrium cell, isolated goblet cell of respiratory and digestive tracts, stomach lining mucous cell, gastric gland zymogenic cell, gastric gland oxyntic cell, parietal cell, enterochromaffin like (ecl) cells, pancreatic acinar cell, paneth cell of small intestine, type ii pneumocyte of lung, and clara cell of lung; hormone secreting cells: anterior pituitary cells: somatotropes, lactotropes, thyrotropes, gonadotropes, corticotropes, intermediate pituitary cell, secreting melanocyte-stimulating hormone, magnocellular neurosecretory cells, secreting oxytocin, secreting vasopressin, and gut and respiratory tract cells; cells included in islets of langerhans: alpha cell, beta cells, delta cells, pp cells (produce pancreatic polypeptide), epsilon cells, thyroid gland cells, thyroid epithelial cell, parafollicular cell, parathyroid gland cells, parathyroid chief cell, oxyphil cell, adrenal gland cells, chromaffin cells, Leydig cell of testes, theca interna cell of ovarian follicle, corpus luteum cell of ruptured ovarian follicle, granulosa lutein cells, Theca lutein cells, juxtaglomerular cell, macula densa cell of kidney, peripolar cell of kidney, and mesangial cell of kidney; metabolism and storage cells: hepatocyte (liver cell), white fat cell (adipocytes/blasts), brown fat cell, and liver lipocyte cells; barrier function cells (lung, gut, exocrine glands and urogenital tract); kidney cells: kidney glomerulus parietal cell, kidney glomerulus podocyte, kidney proximal tubule brush border cell, loop of henle thin segment cell, kidney distal tubule cell, and kidney collecting duct cell; other barrier function cell types: type i pneumocyte, pancreatic duct cell (centroacinar cell), nonstriated duct cell, principal cell, intercalated cell, duct cell, intestinal brush border cell (with microvilli), exocrine gland striated duct cell, gall bladder epithelial cell, ductulus efferens nominated cell, epididymal principal cell, and epididymal basal cell; epithelial cells lining closed internal body cavities: microvascular endothelial cells, blood vessel and lymphatic vascular endothelial fenestrated cell, blood vessel and lymphatic vascular endothelial continuous cell, blood vessel and lymphatic vascular endothelial splenic cell, synovial cell, serosal cell, squamous cell columnar cell of endolymphatic sac with microvilli, columnar cell of endolymphatic sac without microvilli, dark cell (lining endolymphatic space of ear), vestibular membrane cell (lining endolymphatic space of ear), stria vascularis basal cell (lining endolymphatic space of ear), stria vascularis marginal cell (lining endolymphatic space of ear), cell of claudius (lining endolymphatic space of ear), cell of Boettcher (lining endolymphatic space of ear), choroid plexus cell, pia-arachnoid squamous cell, pigmented ciliary epithelium cell of eye, nonpigmented ciliary epithelium cell of eye, corneal endothelial cell, and peg cell (of fallopian tube); ciliated cells with propulsive function: respiratory tract ciliated cell, oviduct ciliated cell, uterine endometrial ciliated cell, rete testis ciliated cell, ductulus efferens ciliated cell, and ciliated ependymal cell of central nervous system; extracellular matrix secretion cells: ameloblast epithelial cell, planum semilunatum epithelial cell of vestibular apparatus of ear, organ of corn interdental epithelial cell, loose connective tissue fibroblasts, corneal fibroblasts (corneal keratocytes), tendon fibroblasts, bone marrow reticular tissue fibroblasts, pericyte, nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc, ementoblast/cementocyte, odontoblast/odontocyte, hyaline cartilage chondrocyte, fibrocartilage chondrocyte, elastic cartilage chondrocyte, osteoblast/osteocyte, osteoprogenitor cell (stem cell of osteoblasts), hyalocyte of vitreous body of eye, stellate cell of perilymphatic space of ear, hepatic stellate cell (Ito cell), and pancreatic stellate cell; contractile cells: skeletal muscle cells, red skeletal muscle cell (slow), white skeletal muscle cell (fast), intermediate skeletal muscle cell, nuclear bag cell of muscle spindle, nuclear chain cell of muscle spindle, satellite cell, heart muscle cells, ordinary heart muscle cell, nodal heart muscle cell, purkinje fiber cell, smooth muscle cell, myoepithelial cell of iris, and myoepithelial cell of exocrine glands; blood and immune system cells: megakaryocyte (platelet precursor), monocyte, connective tissue macrophage, epidermal langerhans cell, osteoclast (in bone), dendritic cell, microglial cell (in central nervous system), neutrophil granulocyte, eosinophil granulocyte, basophil granulocyte, mast cell, helper T cell, suppressor T cell, cytotoxic T cell, natural killer T cell, B cell, natural killer cell, reticulocyte, megakaryocyte, and myeloblast; cells of the nervous system: sensory transducer cells: auditory inner hair cell of organ of corti, auditory outer hair cell of organ of corti, basal cell of olfactory epithelium, cold-sensitive primary sensory neurons, heat-sensitive primary sensory neurons, merkel cell of epidermis, olfactory receptor neuron, pain-sensitive primary sensory neurons, photoreceptor cells of retina in eye: photoreceptor rod cells, photoreceptor blue-sensitive cone cell of eye, photoreceptor green-sensitive cone cell of eye, and photoreceptor red-sensitive cone cell of eye; proprioceptive primary sensory neurons, touch-sensitive primary sensory neurons, type I carotid body cell, type II carotid body cell, type I hair cell of vestibular apparatus of ear, type II hair cell of vestibular apparatus of ear, and type I taste bud cell; autonomic neuron cells: cholinergic neural cell, adrenergic neural cell, and peptidergic neural cell; sense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cells: inner pillar cell of organ of corti, outer pillar cell of organ of corti, inner phalangeal cell of organ of corti, outer phalangeal cell of organ of corti, border cell of organ of corti, Hensen cell of organ of corti, vestibular apparatus supporting cell, taste bud supporting cell, olfactory epithelium supporting cell, Schwann cell, andenteric glial cell; central nervous system neurons and glial cells: astrocyte, neuron cells, oligodendrocyte, spindle neuron, and pineocyte; lens cells: anterior lens epithelial cell, crystallin-containing lens fiber cell, pigment cells, melanocyte, retinal pigmented epithelial cell, germ cells, oogoniurriloocyte, spermatid, spermatocyte, spermatogonium cell, spermatozoon, nurse cells, ovarian follicle cell, sertoli cell, and thymus epithelial cell; stem cells and progenitor cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stern cells (including hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial stem cells, epithelial stem cells, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells), progenitor cells (neural progenitor cells, lymphoid progenitor cells, satellite cells, endothelial progenitor cells, periosteal progenitor, pancreatic progenitor cells, satellite cells in muscles, hematopoietic progenitor cells), amniotic stern cells (multipotent and can differentiate to cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic, endothelial, hepatic and also neuronal lines), and induced pluripotent stern cells.

As used herein, the term “stem cells” has its ordinary meaning in the art and includes embryonic sterns cells and induced pluripotent stern cells. As used herein, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and can be propagated in vitro. These cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body. Embryonic stem cells described herein therefore have been isolated from their natural environment. Embryonic stem cells described herein have been physically separated from the blastocyst. In some embodiments, the embryonic stem cells are untransfected. In certain embodiments, the embryonic stem cells are human embryonic stem cells.

As used herein, the term “cross-linkable proteins” refers to two separate proteins which form an association. In some embodiments, the association is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the association is a non-covalent bond. In some embodiments, the non-covalent bond has a dissociation constant of less than 100 micromolar. In some embodiments, the non-covalent bond has a dissociation constant of less than 50 micromolar. In some embodiments, the non-covalent bond has a dissociation constant of less than 40 micromolar. In some embodiments, the non-covalent bond has a dissociation constant of less than 30 micromolar. In some embodiments, the non-covalent bond has a dissociation constant of less than 20 micromolar. In some embodiments, the non-covalent bond has a dissociation constant of less than 10 micromolar. In some embodiments, the cross-linkable proteins are selected from a recombinant protein encoding a linkage motif and a separate protein attached to the correspond ligand for the linkage motif. In some embodiments, the cross-linkable protein includes or excludes: SpyCatcher and SpyTag, CL7 and Im7, SnoopTag and SnoopCatcher (the engineered adhesin RrgA from Streptococcus pneumonia), SdyTag and SdyCatcher (the engineered pair from a related fibronectin-binding Cna protein B-type (CnaB) domain in Streptococcus dysgalactiae), Pilin-C and Pilin-N (engineered pilin subunits from human Streptococcus pyogenes), Cpe0147-A and Cpe0147-B (engineered putative MSCRAMM from the Gram-positive pathogen Clostridium perfringens), CarHc and CarHc in the presence of a photosensitive protein, Strep-tag and Streptavidin, Strep-tag and Strep-tactin™, SNAP and SNAP-tag, FLAG and FLAG-tag, CLIP and CLIP-tag, HALO, and HALO-tag, ACP, MCP, LUMIO, c-Myc, CBP (calmodulin-binding peptide), and combinations thereof.

SpyCatcher and SpyTag are formed by splitting the second immunoglobulinlike collagen adhesin domain (CnaB2) of the fibronectin-binding protein (FbaB) of Streptococcus pyogenes (Zakeri, etas., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, E690-E697, (2012)). SpyTag-SpyCatcher chemistry forms a specific isopeptide bond between Asp-117 of SpyTag and Lys-31 of SpyCatcher on protein binding under mild physiological conditions (Sun, et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111:11269-11274 (2014)). The SpyCatcher-SpyTag chemistry is highly efficient and modular, where each of the distinct protein parts, SpyCatcher, and SpyTag, can be incorporated into separate polypeptides for binding the two polypeptides together.

Mutated Colicin E7 DNase (CL7) and its inhibitor, Immunity protein 7 (Im7) are two polypeptide pairs with high mutual affinity (Kd=10⁻¹⁴ to 10⁻¹⁷ M). The mutated CL7 tag retains the full binding affinity to Im7 but is inactivated as a DNase (Marina, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 114 (26) E5138-E5147 (2017)), Each of the distinct polypeptide parts, CL7, and Im7, can be recombinantly incorporated into separate polypeptides for binding the two polypeptides together.

Strep-tag (IBA Life Sciences) and Streptavidin, or Strep-tag and Strep-tactin™ (IBA Life Sciences), are two sets of protein pairs with mutual affinity. Strep-tag is a polypeptide consisting of eight amino acids in the sequence of: Trp-Ser-His-Pro-Gln-Phe-Glu-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 21). Each of the distinct polypeptide parts, Strep-tag, and Streptavidin or Step-tactin, can be reombinamly incorporated into separate polypeptides for binding the two polypeptides together. Streptavidin is a multi-dentate ligand, where it can bind to one to four moieties, albeit with decreasing affinity constants. In some embodiments, Strep-tag can be incorporated into separate terminae of separate telechelic polypeptides, and the two polypeptides joined through their mutual binding to Streptavidin.

In some embodiments, CarHc and CarHc can be cross-linked together in the presence of AdoB₁₂ or other photosensitive protein. In some embodiments, two different CarHc moieties are on separate telechelic biopolymer polypeptides which are to be crosslinked. In some embodiments, the linkage construct is CarH_(C)-ELP-RGD-ELP-CarH_(C). This photosensitive protein hydrogel construct has the advantage of having the fewest functional components because the CarHc moieties act as both cross-linkable proteins and light-responsive gelation initiators. FIGS. 25B & 25C show the frequency and strain-sweep tests on the physically self-assembled protein hydrogel comprising linkage constructs of CarH_(C)-ELP-RGD-EI,P-CarH_(C) in the presence of AdoB₁₂ under both conditions of light comprising a wavelength between about 300 nm and 600 nm, and under dark (where no wavelength of light between about 300 nm and 600 nm is present). The results demonstrate that the CarHc moieties can be used as both the cross-linkable proteins and the light-responsive gelation intitiators.

As used herein, the term “light-responsive gelation initiators” refers to a tetrameric complex comprising a protein photoreceptor and a multi-dentate ligand. In some embodiments, the multi-dentate ligand can include or exclude: adenosylcobalamin (AdoB₁₂), flavin, biliverdin, and methylcobalamin. In some embodiments, the multi-dentate ligand can include or exclude a cobalamin derivative. In some embodiments, the cobalamin derivative comprises a cobalamin moiety conjugated to a fluorophore. In some embodiments, the cobalamin derivative comprising a fluorophore is selected from Cbl1, Cbl2, Cbl3, Cbl4, Cbl5, Cbl6, Cbl-Bod, and coenzyme B₁₂ conjugates thereof.

In some ethbodiments, the C-terminal adenosylcobalamin binding domain of the CarH protein (CarH_(C)) tetramerize when binding to adenosylcobalamin (AdoB₁₂) in the dark and can readily dissociate into monomers accompanied with a drastic protein conformational change caused by the cleavage of the C—Co bond on exposure to green (522 nm) or white light (FIG. 1A). When the CarHc domains are covalently connected to cross-linkable proteins of telechelic polypeptides which are cross-linked, the secondary cross-linking of CarHc domains from separate telechelic polypeptides results in a cross-linked biopolymer. The recombinant proteins comprising a light-responsive photoreceptor, protein photoreceptor, and optionally protein cross-linkers, do not form a hydrogel when mixed in aqueous solution, and thus need cross-linking to a multi-dentate ligand. The cross-linking of the proteins can be realized by designing genetic expression cassettes (or vectors, or plasmids) where the proteins are assembled in a selected order in the form of encoding nucleotides, expressing in hosts harboring the cassettes, following with and purification from the expressinon system.

Without being bound by theory, the use of a light-responsive gelation initiator described herein enables the polymer strands to form a gel according to the classical statistical analysis of Carothers (Carothers, Trans. Faraday Soc. 32, 39 (1936)). The Carothers Equation states that a gel point is reached when the critical extent of reaction, p_(c), of a monomer set having an average functionality (number of functional groups per monomer), f_(avg), is p_(c)=2/f_(avg). As the number of functional groups per monomer increases, the critical extent of reaction to reach gelation decreases. The telechelic biopolymers having the linkage structure Spy[Tag or Catcher]-elastin-Spy[Tag or Catcher] described herein would comprise two functional groups when no CarHc moiety is present. The telechelic biopolymers having the linkage structure Spy[Tag or Catcher]-elastin-CarHc-elastin-Spy[Tag or Catcher] described herein would have three functional groups. A reaction comprising the latter telechelic biopolymer linkage structure would therefore gel at a lower extent of polymerization. Thus, not all of the cross-linking polymers need to react to form a hydrogel. In some embodiments, the light-sensitive protein hydrogels can comprise a mono-functional biopolymer, where only one terminae is functionalized with a cross-functional polymer. In some embodiments, the mono-functional biopolymer can have the linkage structure Spy[Tag or Catcher]-elastin-CarHc. Polymers with fewer cross-linking sites have larger pore sizes. In some embodiments, increasing the number of cross-linking sites in the hydrogel will result in small pore sizes, and decreasing the number of cross-linking sites in the hydrogel will result in larger pore sizes. Thus, including a mono-functional biopolymer in a reaction with one or more telechelic biopolymers would enable a higher gel point critical extent of reaction, which may be desired to capture larger cell sizes. Conversely, including a multi-functional telechelic biopolymer in a reaction would enable a lower gel point critical extent of reaction, which may be desired to capture smaller cell sizes or smaller protein sizes. In some embodiments, the telechelic biopolymers can have the linkage structure Spy[Tag or Catcher]-(elastin-CarHc)_(y)-elastin-Spy[Tag or Catcher], where y is 2 to 20 or higher, which would increase the average functionality of the reaction system resulting in a lower gel point critical extent of reaction.

As used herein, the term “protein photoreceptor” refers to a light-sensitive protein which reacts to light via photoisomerization or photoreduction, thus initiating a change of the receptor protein which triggers a functional effect upon irradiation with light of a selected wavelength. Protein photoreceptors can include or exclude: CarH, LOV (light oxygen voltage sensing domoain), PYP (photoactive yellow protein), phytochrome, cytoChrome, melanopsin, photopsin, rhodopsin, protein kinase C, OPN5, UVR8, cryptochrome, and phototropin. In some embodiments, the protein photoreceptor is CarH.

As used herein, the term “multi-dentate ligand” refers to a moiety with two or more attachment sites. In some embodiments, the multi-dentate ligand can include or exclude: any substituted corrin ring comprising a Cobalt atom (including adenosylcobalamin (AdoB₁₂) (also referred to as “5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin”), cobalamin, aquocobalamin chloride, Co_(β)-Chloro-O5R-succinylcobalamin, Co_(β)-cyano-O5R-succinylcobalamin, Co_(β)-cyano-O5R-[3-(methoxycarbonyl)propionyl]cobalamin, Co_(β)-cyano-O5R-[3-(benzylcarboxamido)propionyl]cobalamin, Co_(β)-aquo-O5′-succinylcobalamin chloride, and Co_(β)-cyano-O5R-acetylcobalamin. In some embodiments, the multi-dentate ligand can include or exclude streptavidin. In some embodiments, the multi-dentate ligand interacts with two or more protein photoreceptors, where the protein photoreceptors are a component of a telechelic biopolymer, resulting in a light-sensitive cross-linking site (FIG. 1B).

As used herein, the term “linkage structure” refers to a linear polypeptide structure of a series of different functional moieties. The linkage structures described herein are recombinant proteins formed from the design of linked oligonucleotides encoding for each of the different functional moieties, where the expressed protein product is the linear polypeptide. In some embodiments, the linkage structure can comprise one or a pluralityof cross-linking proteins at the terminae of the linkage structure. In some embodiments, the linkage structure can comprise one or a plurality of protein photoreceptors. In some embodiments, the linkage structure can comprise one or a plurality of extracellulcar matrix protein fragments. In some embodiments, the linkage structure can have a form selected from following linkage structures: CarHc-elastin-CarHc, CarHc-elastin-CarHc-elastin-CarHc, SpyTag-CarHc-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-CarHc-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-CarHc-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-CarHc, SpyCatcher-CarHc, CarHc-CL7, CarHc-Im7, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc, SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc, CarH_(C)-ELP-RGD-ELP-CarH_(C), CarHc-elastin-CL7, SpyTag-elastin, SpyCatcher-elastin, SpyTag-elastin-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-(elastin-CarHc)_(y)-elastin-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-(elastin-CarHc)_(y)-elastin-SpyCatcher, and SpyTag-(elastin-CarHc)_(y)-elastin-SpyCatcher where y is an integer from 1 to 100.

As used herein, the terms “extracellular matrix protein fragment,” and “extracellular matrix protein fragments” refers to one or more hydrophilic linker proteins which impart solubility and linear structure to the entity comprising the extracellular matrix protein fragment. In some embodiments, the extracellular matrix protein fragment is a fragment of laminin, collagen, fibronectin, gelatin, elastin, GB1 (immunoglobulin G-binding protein G), or procollagen. In some embodiments, the extracellular matrix protein fragment is a fragment of elastin. In some embodiments, the elastin extracellular matrix protein fragment comprises the polypeptide (VPGXG)_(n), where X represents valine or glutamate. In some embodiments, the ratio of valine to glutamate ranges from 100:1 to 1:100. In some embodiments, the ratio of valine to glutamate ranges from 10:1 to 1:10. In some embodiments, the ratio of valine to glutamate is 4:1. In some embodiments, n is an integer between 1 to 100, In some embodiments, n is an integer between 1 to 50. In some embodiments, n is an integer between 1 to 40. In some embodiments, n is an integer between 1 to 30. In some embodiments, n is an integer between 1 to 20. In some embodiments, n is an integer between 5 to 20. In some embodiments, n is an integer between 10 to 20. In some aspects, n is 15.

As used herein, the terms “telechelic biopolymer,” “telechelic recombinant protein,” “telechelic polypeptide,” and “telechelic protein” refers to a polypeptide where the N- and C- terminae are functionalized with one or more functional group moieties which can interact with another telechelic biopolymer. In some embodiments, the functional group moieties can be small molecule functional groups. In some embodiments, the small molecule functional groups can include an azido group and an alkynyl group (click chemistry), which can be cross-reacted via a catalysis, in some examples, a divalent cation (including Cu(II)), or a strained cyclic cyclooctynyl moiety. In some embodiments, the small molecule functional groups can include an ester functionalized triarylphosine and an azido moiety to form iminophophoranes (aza-ylides) with loss of nitrogen (Prescher, J. A.; Bertozzi, C. R. Nat. Chem. Biol. 1, 13 (2005)). In some embodiments, the functional group moieties can be polypeptides moieties. In some embodiments, the polypeptide moieties can be cross-linkable proteins as described herein.

As used herein, the term “recombinant” refers to a polynucleotide synthesized or otherwise manipulated in vitro (for example, “recombinant polynucleotide”), to methods of using recombinant polynucleotides to produce gene products in cells or other biological systems, or to a polypeptide (“recombinant protein”) encoded by a recombinant polynucleotide. Thus, a “recombinant” polynucleotide is defined either by its method of production or its structure. In reference to its method of production, the process refers to use of recombinant nucleic acid techniques, for example, involving human intervention in the nucleotide sequence, typically selection or production. Alternatively, it can be a polynucleotide made by generating a sequence comprising a fusion of two or more fragments that are not naturally contiguous to each other. Thus, for example, products made by transforming cells with any non-naturally occurring vector is encompassed, as are polynucleotides comprising sequence derived using any synthetic oligonucleotide process. Similarly, a “recombinant” polypeptide is one expressed from a recombinant polynucleotide.

As used herein, the term “recombinant host cell” refers to a cell that contains a vector, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector, or a cell that has otherwise been manipulated by recombinant techniques to express a protein of interest.

As used herein, the term“protein” refers to any polymer of two or more individual amino acids (whether or not naturally occurring) linked via peptide bonds, as occur when the carboxyl carbon atom of the carboxylic acid group bonded to the alpha-carbon of one amino acid (or amino acid residue) becomes covalently bound to the amino nitrogen atom of the amino group bonded to the alpha-carbon of an adjacent amino acid. These peptide bond linkages, and the atoms comprising them (i.e., alpha-carbon atoms, carboxyl carbon atoms (and their substituent oxygen atoms), and amino nitrogen atoms (and their substituent hydrogen atoms)) form the “polypeptide backbone” of the protein. In addition, as used herein, the term “protein” is understood to include the terms “polypeptide” and “peptide” (which, at times, may be used interchangeably herein). Similarly, protein fragments, analogs, derivatives, and variants are may be referred to herein as “proteins,” and shall be deemed to be a “protein” unless otherwise indicated. The term “fragment” of a protein refers to a polypeptide comprising fewer than all of the amino acid residues of the protein. As will be appreciated, a “fragment” of a protein may be a form of the protein truncated at the amino terminus, the carboxy terminus, and/or internally (such as by natural splicing), and may also be variant and/or derivative. A “domain” of a protein is also a fragment, and comprises the amino acid residues of the protein required to confer biochemical activity corresponding to naturally occurring protein. Truncated molecules that are linear biological polymers such as nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides may have one or more of a deletion from either terminus of the molecule and/or one or more deletions from a non-terminal region of the molecule, where such deletions may be deletions of from about 1-1500 contiguous nucleotide or amino acid residues, preferably about 1-500 contiguous nucleotide or amino acid residues and more preferably about 1-300 contiguous nucleotide or amino acid residues, including deletions of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-74, 75-100, 101-150, 151-200, 201-250 or 251-299 contiguous nucleotide or amino acid residues.

As used herein, the term“gene product” refers to an RNA molecule transcribed from a gene, or a polypeptide encoded by the gene or translated from the RNA.

As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal that is the object of treatment, observation or experiment. “Animal” includes cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates and invertebrates, such as fish, shellfish, reptiles and, in particular, mammals. “Mammal” includes, without limitation, mice; rats; rabbits; guinea pigs; dogs; cats; sheep; goats; cows; horses; primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, apes, and prenatal, pediatric, and adult humans.

As used herein, the term “swelling ratio” is the calculated ratio of the swollen gel weight to the dry protein weight.

As used herein, the term “preventing” or “protecting” refers to preventing in whole or in part, or ameliorating, or controlling.

As used herein, the term “treating” refers to its ordinary meaning in the art and can include or exclude therapeutic treatment, prophylactic, or preventative, measures, or administering an agent suspected of having therapeutic potential. The term can include or exclude preventative (e.g., prophylactic) and palliative treatment.

As used herein, the term “protein drug” refers to a polypeptide which exhibits therapeutic potential. In some embodiments, the protein drug can be an antibody, therapeutic protein, insulin, growth hormone, or cytokine.

As used herein the term “antibody” (Ab) includes monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.

As used herein the term “human antibody” refers to an antibody containing only sequences present in an antibody naturally produced by a human, a functional fragment thereof, or a humanized antibody, i.e., a genetically engineered antibody a portion of which (e.g., a frame region or the Fe region) derives from a naturally-occurring human antibody. A “humanized antibody” is generally considered to be a human antibody that has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source that is non-human. As recognized in the art, antobody humanization is performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986): Reichmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting import hypervariable region sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567, heirein incorporated by reference in its entirety) wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species.

As used herein, the term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations that include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they may be synthesized uncontaminated by other antibodies. The modifier “monoclonal” is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. The monoclonal antibodies included in this disclosure may be prepared by the hybridoma methodology first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256:495 (1975), or may be made using recombinant DNA methods in bacterial, eukaryotic animal or plant cells (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). The “monoclonal antibodies” may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991).

In some embodiments, the antibody is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody is a humanized monoclonal antibody.

Humanized monoclonal antibodies can include or exclude the following: alemtuzumab, apolizumab, aselizumab, atlizumab, bapineuzutnab, bevacizutnab, bivatuzumab mertansine, eantuzumab mertansine, cedelizumab, certolizurnab pegol, cidfusituzumab, cidtuzumab, daclizumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, epratuzumab, erlizumab, etanercept (Enbrel), felxizumab, fontolizumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, infliximab (Remicade), inotuzumab, ozogamicin, ipilimumab, labetuzumab, lintuzumab, matuzumab, mepolizumab, motavizumab, motovizumab, natalizumab, nimotuzumab, nolovizumab, numavizumab, oerelizumab, omalizumab, palivizumab, pascolizumab, pecfusituzumab, pectuzumab, pertuzumab, pexelizumab, ralivizumab, ranibizumab, reslivizumab, reslizumab, rituximab (Rituxan), resy vizumab, rovelizumab, ruplizumab, sibroluzumab, siplizurnab, sontuzumab, taeatuzurnab tetraxetan, tadocizumab, talizumab, tefibazumab, tocilizumab, toralizumab, trastuzumab, tucotuzumab celmoleukin, tucusituzumab, umavizumab, urtoxazumab, and visilizumab.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic protein can include or exclude the following: C1 esterase inhibitor (Ruconest), Human glucocerebrosidase (Elelyso), Humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Gazyva), Fc fusion VEGFR Fc-fusion (Eylea), CTLA-4 Fc-fusion (Nulojix), Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Fe-fusion (Trulicity), VEGFR Fc-fusion (Zaltrap), Recombinant factor IX Fe fusion (Alprolix), Recombinant factor VIII Fe-fusion (Eloctate). Albumin fusion GLP-1 receptor agonist-albumin fusion (Tanzeum), Recombinant factor IX albumin fusion (Idelvion), PEGylated IFNP-1a (Plegridy), Recombinant factor VIII PEGylated (Adynovate), Humanized anti-HER2/neu conjugated to emtansine (Kadcyla), Mouse/human chimeric anti-CD30 (Adcetris), Anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (Perjeta), Anti-HER2/neu conjugated to emtansine (Kadcyla), Anti-IL-6 receptor (Actemra), Anti-CD20 (obinutuzumab; Gazyva), Anti-integrin a4b7 (LPAM-1) (Enty vio), belimumab (Benlysta) ipilimumab (Yervoy), belatacept (Nulojix), brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris), afilbercept (Eylea), asparaginase erwinia chrysanthemi (Erwinaze), glucarpidase (Voraxaze), taliglucerase alfa (Elelyso), pertuzumab (Perjeta), ziv-afilbercept (Zaltrap), tbo-filgrastim (Granix), ocriplasmin (Jetrea), raxibacumab, ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), golimumab injection for IV use (Simponi Aria), tocilizutnab (Actemra), obinutuzumab (Gazyva), elosulfase alfa (Vimizim), metreleptin (Nlyalept), albiglutide (Tanzeum), raniucirumab (Cyrarnza), siltuximab (Sylvant), vedolizurnab (Entyvio), peginterferon beta-1a pembrolizumab (Keytruda), dulaglutide (Trulicity), blintumomab (Blincyto), nivolumab (Opdivo), secukinumab (Cosentyx), parathyroid hormone (Natpara), filgrastim-sndz (Zarxio), dinutuximab (Unituxin), alirocumab (Praluent), evolocumab (Repatha), idarucizumab (Praxbind), asfotase-alfa (Strensiq), Nlepolizurnab (Nucala), daratumumab (Darzalex), necitumumab (Portrazza), elotuzumab (Empliciti), sebelipase alfa (Kanwna), obiltoxaximab (Anthim), ixekizumab (Taltz), reslizumab (Cingair), infliximab-dyyb (Inflectra), atezolizumab (Tecentriq), daclizumab (Zinbrvta), etanercept-szzs (Ereizi), Rixubis, Novoeight, Tretten, Alprolix, Eloctate, Ruconest, Obizur, Ninny, Nuwiq, Adynovate, Vonvendi, Idelvion, Kovaltry, Afstyla, Abatacept, Abciximab, Adalimumab, Aflibercept, Agalsidase beta, Albiglutide, Aldesleukin, Alefacept, Alemtuzumab, Alglucerase, Alglucosidase alfa, Alirocumab, Aliskiren, Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alteplase, Anakinra, Ancestim, Anistreplase, Anthrax immune globulin human, Antihemophilic Factor, Anti-inhibitor coagulant complex, Antithrombin Alfa, Antithrombin III human, Antithymocyte globulin, Anti-thymocyte Globulin (Equine), Anti-thymocyte Globulin (Rabbit), Aprotinin, Arcitumomab, Asfotase Alfa, Asparaginase, Asparaginase erwinia chrysanthemi, Atezolizumab, Autologous cultured chondrocytes, Basiliximah, Becaplermin, Belatacept, Belimumab, Beractant, Bevacizumab, Bivalirudin, Blinatumornab, Botulinum Toxin Type A, Botulinum Toxin Type B, Brentuximab vedotin, Brodalumab, Buserelin, C1 Esterase Inhibitor (Human), C1 Esterase Inhibitor (Recombinant) Canakinumab, Capromab, Certolizumab pegol, Cetuximab, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human), Chorionic Gonadotropin (Recombinant), Coagulation factor ix, Coagulation factor VIIa, Coagulation factor X human, Coagulation Factor XIII A-Subunit (Recombinant), Collagenase, Conestat alfa, Corticotropin, Cosyntropin, Daclizumab, Daptomycin, Daratumumab, Darbepoetin alfa, Delibrotide, Denileukin diftitox, Denosurnab, Desirudin, Digoxin Immune Fab (Ovine), Dinutuximab, Dornase alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Dulaglutide, Eculizumab, Efalizumab, Efmoroctocog alfa, Elosulfase alfa, Elotuzumab, Enfuvirtide, Epoetin alfa, Epoetin zeta, Eptifibatide, Etanercept, Evolocutnab, Exenatide, Factor IX Complex (Human), Fibrinogen Concentrate (Human), Fibrinolysin aka plasmin, Filgrastim, Filgrastim-sndz, Follitropin alpha, Follitropin beta, Galsulfase, Gastric intrinsic factor, Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, Glatiramer acetate, Glucagon recombinant, Glucarpidase, Golitnumab, Gramicidin D, Hepatitis A Vaccine, Hepatitis B immune globulin, Human calcitonin, Human Clostridium tetani toxoid immune globulin, Human rabies virus immune globulin, Human Rho(D) immune globulin, Human Serum Albumin, Human Varicella-Zoster Immune Globulin, Hyaluronidase, Hyaluronidase (Human Recombinant), Ibritumomab, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Idarucizumab, Idursulfase, Imiglucerase, Immune Globulin Human, Infliximab, Insulin, Insulin Degludec, Insulin detemir, Insulin Glargine, Insulin glulisine, lnsulin Lispro, Insulin,isophane, Interferon Alfa-2a, Recombinant, interferon alfa-2b, Interferon alfacon-1, Interferon alfa-n1, Interferon alfa-n3, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon beta-1b, Interferon gamma-1b, Intravenous immunoglobulin, ipilimumab, Ixekizumab, Laronidase, Lenograstim, Lepirudin, Leuprolide, Liraglutide, Lucinactant, Lutropin alfa, Mecasermin, Menotropins, Mepolizumab, Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta, Metreleptin, Muromonab, Natalizumab, Natural alpha interferon, Multiferon, Necitumumab, Nesiritide, Nivolumab, Obiltoxaximab, Obinutuzumab, Ocriplasmin, Ofatumumab, Omalizumab, Oprelvekin, OspA lipoprotein, Oxytocin, Palifermin, Palivizumab, Pancrelipase, Panitumumab, Pegademase bovine, Pegaptanib, Pegaspargase, Pegfilgrastim, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Peginterferon beta-1a, Pegloticase, Pegvisomant, Pembrolizumab, Pertuzumab, Poractant alfa, Pramlintide, Preotact, Protamine sulfate, Protein S human, Ramucirumab, Ranibizumab, Rasburicase, Raxibacumab, Reteplase, Rilonacept, Rituximab, Romiplostim, Sacrosidase, Sargramostim, Salumomab Pendetide, Sebelipase alfa, Secukinumab, Sermorelin, Serum albumin, Serum albumin iodonated, Siltuximab, Simoctocog Alfa, Sipuleucel-T, Somatotropin Recombinant, Somatropin recombinant, Streptokinase, Sulodexide, Susoctocog alfa, Taliglucerase alfa, Teduglutide, Teicoplanin, Tenecteplase, Teriparatide, Tesarnorelin, Thrombomodulin Alfa, Thymalfasin, Thyroglobulin, Thyrotropin Alfa, Tocilizumab, Tositumomab, Trastuzumab, Tuberculin, Turoctocog alfa, Urofollitropin, Urokinase, Ustekinumab, Vasopressin, Vedolizumab, and Velaglucerase alfa.

As used herein, the term “fluorescent protein” refers to a protein capable of emitting light upon irradiation of light of a lower wavelength. In some embodiments, the fluorescent protein includes or excludes the following fluorescent proteins: TagBFP, mTagBFP2, Azurite, EBFP2, mKalama1, Sirius, Sapphire, T-Sapphire, ECFP, Cerulean, SCFP3A, mTurquoise, mTurquoise2, telechelic biopolymeric Midoriishi-Cyan, TagCFP, mTFP1, EGFP, Emerald, Superfolder GFP, Telechelic biopolymeric Azami Green, TagGFP2, mUKG, mWasabi, Clover, mNeonGreen, EYFP, Citrine, Venus, SYFP2, TagYFP, Telechelic biopolymeric Kusabira-Orange, mKOK, mKO2, mOrange, mOrange2, mRaspberry, mCherry, mStrawberry, mTangerine, tdTomato, TagRFP, TagRFP-T, mApple, mRuby, mRuby2, mPlum, HcRed-Tandem, mKate2, mNeptune, NirFP, TagRFP657, IFP1.4, iRFP, mKeima Red, LSS-mKate1, LSS-mKate2, mBeRFP, PA-GFP, PAmCherry1, PATagRFP, Kaede (green), Kaede (red), KikGR1 (green), KikGR1, (red), PS-CFP2, PS-CFP2, mEos2 (green), mEos2 (red), mEos3.2 (green), mEos3.2 (red), PSmOrange, PSmOrange, and Dronpa.

METHODS Photo-Patterned Selective Cell Release

In some embodiments, a light-sensitive protein hydrogel is prepared under conditons where no light with wavelengths between 300 nm and 600 nm are present to form a hydrogel film. The film can be pressure applied, compressed, spin-cast, or dip-coated. Patterned light, x-rays, electrons or other electromagnetic radiation can be passed through a mask by photolithography; alternatively, the radiation can be applied in the form of a focused beam, as in stereolithography, to control where on the light-sensitive protein hydrogel film the cells are released. Photolithography can be used with the light-sensitive protein hydrogels of this disclosure via the release of a photoliable group or via a secondary light-sensitive compound to promote cross-linking or breaking of the polymer chains so that the surface areas of the photomask that are exposed to light are rendered either soluble or insoluble to a developing solution that is then applied to the light-sensitive protein hydrogel to leave only the desired pattern intact.

Examples of photo-cross-linking processes that can be utilized include (a) ultra-violet photo-cross-linking of proteins to RNA [as described in A. Paleologue, et al., “Photo-Induced Protein Cross-Linking to 5S RNA and 28-5.8S RNA within Rat-Liver 60S Ribosomal Subunits,” Eur. J. Biochem. 149, 525-529 (1985)]; (b) protein photo-cross-linking in mammalian cells by site-specific incorporation of a photoreactive amino acid [as described in N. Hino, et al., “Protein Photo-Cross-Linking in Mammalian Cells by Site-Specific Incorporation of a Photoreactive Amino Acid,” Nature Methods 2, 201-206 (2005)]; (c) use of ruthenium bipyridyls or palladium porphyrins as photo-activatable crosslinking agents for proteins [as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,582 (Kodadek et al.)]; and (d) photocrosslinking of heparin to bound proteins via the cross-linking reagent, 2-(4-azidophenylamino)-4-(1-ammonio-4-azabicyclo[2,2,2]oct-1-yl)-6-morpho-lino-1,3,5-triazine chloride [as described in Y. Suda, et al., “Novel Photo Affinity Cross-Linking Resin for the Isolation of Heparin Binding Proteins,” Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 15, 468-477 (2000)].

In another aspect, the invention includes methods of treating a subject (e.g. patient) by administering light-sensitive protein hydrogels of this disclosure to the subject. Generally, these methods include methods for tissue engineering and methods for treating skin disorders.

Skin Regeneration

Scaffold-guided tissue regeneration involves seeding highly porous biodegradable scaffolds with donor cells and/or growth factors, then culturing and implanting the scaffolds to induce and direct the growth of new tissue. The goal is for the cells to attach to the scaffold, then replicate, differentiate (i.e., transform from a non-specific state into a cell exhibiting the functions of the target tissue), and organize into normal healthy tissue as the scaffold degrades.

Methods of Treatment with Light-Sensitive Protein Hydrogels

The light-sensitive protein hydrogels of this disclosure can be used to treat skin disorders, including burns, skin cancer, actinic keratosis, rosacea, carbuncle, eczema, psoriasis, cellulitis, measles, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, lupus, contact dermatitis, vitiligo, seborrheic dermatitis, keratosis pilaris, melisma, and impetigo. In some embodiments, the protein hydrogel comprising captured cells and/or one or more types of therapeutic protein is formed in the absence of light of a wavelength between 300 and 600 nm, then topically applied under a reduced light environment to the skin of a subject in need thereof. The reduced light environment can be affected by the use of a filter, mask, sealant, or other means. In some embodiments, the reduced light environment can be converted to a full White light or 522 nm laser light environment by irradiating the applied protein hydrogel composition with the appropriate light source. As the hydrogel changes phase to a liquid state, the captured cells and/or therapeutic proteins are released at the local point of application. In some embodiments, the captured cells include stem cells. In some embodiments, the captured stem cells include embryonic stems cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or mixtures thereof.

AdoB12 is responsive to a broad range of visible light (<600 nm), thus making CarH_(C) hydrogels if this disclosure responsive to visible light of the same wavelength range. The inventors have recognized that chemical modification on AdoB12 (or AdoCbl) extends its responsive wavelgnth range. In some embodiments, AdoCbl-4 (AdoCbl modified with Dylight800) can be photolyzed by light of certain wavelengths including 546 nm, 730 nm, and 780 nm, resulting in photolyzed products like adenosine and B12-Dylight800. The inventors have recognized that Co—C bond cleavage (photolysis) causes CarH_(C)-AdoB12 complex's light responsiveness. The inventors have recognized that photoresponsive protein hydrogels, including the CarH_(C) hydrogel complexed with modified AdoB12 of this disclosure, can exhibit solid-to-liquid phase transition with extended light conditions. The photosensitive protein hydrogel can exhibit extended light responsiveness in the range of 500-1000 nm when the multidentate ligand (which can include or exclude AdoB12) is modified with a photosensitizer. In some embodiments, the photosensitizer can include or exclude: TAMRA, SulfoCy5, Atto725, Dylight800, Malachite green, QSY 7 (Quasar 7), QSY 9, QSY 21, Rhodamine Red-X, ssamine rhodamine B. rhodamine 6G, Texas red (and Texas red dyes in general, including Texas Red-X, Texas red C2-dichlorotriazine), napthofluorescein, carboxyrhodamine 6G, and ROX. In some embodiments, the photosensitizer is conjugated to the multi-dentate ligand. In some embodiments, the photosensitizer conjugated to the multi-dentate ligand is selected from: Cbl1, Cbl2, Cbl3, Cbl4, Cbl5, Cbl6, and Cbl-Bod.

The inventors have recognized that the the photosensitizer can enable two-photon excitation to irradiate the light-sensitive protein hydrogels with a wavelength of light higher than 600 nm from a ultrafast pulsed laser light source. The inventors have recognized that tissue has an optical window from about 600 nm to about 900 nm, but the light-sensitive protein hydrogels are less sensitive to light comprising a wavelength higher than 600 nm. The inventors have recognized that two-photon excitation can be used to irradiate the light-sensitive protein hydrogels through the tissue optical window from about 600 nm to about 900 nm, when the light-sensitive protein hydrogels further comprises a photosensitizer and the photosensitizer converts the incident light comprising a wavelength from about 600 nm to about 900 nm into a wavelength of light between about 300 nm to about 600 nm. The inventors have recognized that the Co—C bond on AdoB12 can absorb two photons (900 nm) simultaneously when exposed to a two photon pulsed laser, which is effectively equivalent to one photon of 450 nm. The two photon photosensitizer method extends the responsive range of the photosensitive protein hydrogels. The inventors have recognized that this described mechanism can be used to irradiate light-sensitive protein hydrogels which are subdermal or deeper in the tissue of a subject, to enable the release of therapeutic proteins or cells within the tissue of a subject.

Another embodiment of this invention includes a composition of this invention for use in the treatment of the diseases or conditions described herein in a subject, e.g., a human, suffering from such disease or condition. Also provided is the use of a compound of this invention in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of the diseases and conditions described herein in a warm-blooded animal, such as a mammal, e.g. a human, suffering from such disorder.

In some embodiments, a dose is administered once a day (QID), twice per day (BID), or more frequently, depending on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the particular compound. In addition, toxicity factors may influence the dosage and administration regimen. In some embodiments, for orally administered doses, the pill, capsule, or tablet is ingested daily or less frequently for a specified period of time. In some embodiments, to regimen is repeated for a number of cycles of therapy.

Pharmaceutical Formulation/Compositions and Uses

In order to use a light-sensitive protein hydrogel compositions of this disculosure for the therapeutic treatment (including prophylactic treatment) of mammals including humans, in some embodiments the compound is formulated in accordance with standard pharmaceutical practice as a pharmaceutical composition. According to this embodiment of the invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a light-sensitive protein hydrogel compositions of this disculosure in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical light-sensitive protein hydrogel compositions of this disculosure (or formulation) for application is packaged in a variety of ways depending upon the method used for administering the drug. Generally, an article for distribution includes a container having deposited therein the pharmaceutical formulation in an appropriate form. Suitable containers are well known to those skilled in the art and include materials such as bottles (plastic and glass), sachets, ampoules, plastic bags, metal cylinders, and the like. The container may also include a tamper-proof assemblage to prevent indiscreet access to the contents of the package. In addition, the container has deposited thereon a label that describes the contents of the container. The label may also include appropriate warnings.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical formulations of the light-sensitive protein hydrogel compositions of this disculosure are prepared for various routes and types of administration. In some embodiments, a light-sensitive protein hydrogel composition of this disculosure having the desired degree of purity is mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980) 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed.), in the form of a lyophilized formulation, milled powder, or an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, formulation is conducted by mixing at ambient temperature at the appropriate pH, and at the desired degree of purity, with physiologically acceptable carriers. i.e., carriers that are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed. The pH of the formulation depends mainly on the particular use and the concentration of compound, but may range from about 3 to about 8. Formulation in an acetate buffer at pH 5 is a suitable embodiment.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprising light-sensitive protein hydrogel compositions of this disculosure are formulated, dosed and administered in a fashion, i.e., amounts, concentrations, schedules, course, vehicles and route of administration, consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners. In addition to the light-sensitive protein hydrogel compositions of this disculosure, the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions, including tablets, capsules, solutions, and suspensions for parenteral and oral delivery forms and formulations, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and therapeutically effective amounts of the compositions described herein.

In human and animal therapy for the treatment of skin disorders, for example, the compositions of this disclosure can be administered alone, but will generally be administered in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. Preferably, they are administered by parenteral administration, and are best used in the form of a sterile aqueous solution which may contain other substances, for example enough salts or monosaccharides to make the solution isotonic with blood.

In some embodiments, for treatment of the eye or other external tissues, e.g., mouth and skin, the formulations are applied as described herein comprising the active ingredient(s) in an amount of, e.g., 0.001 to 0.5% w/w.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.

When applied topically, the light-sensitive protein hydrogel comprising cells and/or therapeutic proteins in the compositions of this disclosure is suitably combined with other ingredients, such as carriers and/or adjuvants. There are no limitations on the nature of such other ingredients, except that they must be physiologically acceptable and efficacious for their intended administration, and cannot degrade the activity of the active ingredients of the composition. Examples of suitable vehicles include ointments, creams, gels, or suspensions, with, or without, purified collagen. In some embodiments, the compositions are impregnated into articles which can include or exclude transdermal patches, plasters, and bandages, preferably in liquid or semi-liquid form.

Acceptable diluents, carriers, excipients and stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include saline and/or buffers such as phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ or polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Articles of Manufacture/Kits

In another embodiment of the invention, an article of manufacture, or “kit,” containing materials useful for the treatment of the diseases and disorders described above is provided. The kit contains a composition comprising light-sensitive protein hydrogels of this disclosure. The kit may further comprise a label or package insert, on or associated with the container. The term “package insert” is used to refer to instructions customarily included in commercial packages of therapeutic products, that contain information about the indications, usage, dosage, administration, contraindications and/or warnings concerning the use of such therapeutic products. Suitable containers include, e.g., bottles, vials, syringes, blister pack, etc. The container may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The label or package insert also indicates that the composition can be used to treat other disorders. Alternatively, or additionally, the article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI), phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution (including Ringer's lactate solution), Tyrode's solution, Hellmann's solution, and dextrose solution. In some embodiments, the article of manufacture includes or excludes other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes.

The term “buffer,” as used herein, denotes a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, which stabilizes the pH of a pharmaceutical preparation. Pharmaceutically acceptable buffers include, but are not limited to, histidine-buffers, citrate-buffers, succinate-buffers, acetate-buffers, phosphate-buffers, arginine-buffers, or mixtures thereof. The ahovementioned buffers are generally used in an amount of about 1 mM to about 100 mM, of about 5 mM to about 50 mM and of about 10-20 MM, in some embodiments, the pH of the buffered solution is at least 4.0, at least 4.5, at least 5.0, at least 5.5 or at least 6.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the buffered solution is less than 7.5, less than 7.0, or less than 6.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the buffered solution is about 4.0 to about 7.5, about 5.5 to about 7.5, about 5.0 to about 6.5, and about 5.5 to about 6.5 with an acid or a base described herein, e.g. hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and citric acid, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. As used herein when describing pH, “about” means plus or minus 0.2 pH units.

As used herein, the term “surfactant” can include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which is used to protect therapeutic protein and/or cell formulations against mechanical stresses, like agitation and shearing. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants include polyoxyethyiensorbitan fatty acid esters (Tween), polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers (Brij), alkylphenylpolyoxyethylene ethers (Triton-X), polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymer (Poloxamer, Pluronic), and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Suitable surfactants include polyoxyethylenesorbitan-fatty acid esters such as polysorbate 20, (sold under the trademark Tween 20®) and polysorbate 80 (sold under the trademark Tween 80®). Suitable polyethylene-polypropylene copolymers are those sold under the names Pluronic® F68 or Poloxamer 188®. Suitable Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are those sold under the trademark Brij®. Suitable alkylphenolpolyoxyethylene esthers are sold under the tradename Triton-X. When polysorbate 20 (Tween 20®) and polysorbate 80 (Tween 80®) are used, they are generally used in a concentration range of about 0.001 to about 1%, of about 0.005 to about 0.2% and of about 0.01% to about 0.1% w/v (weight/volume).

In some embodiments, this disclosure relates to:

A1. A light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix comprising:

-   -   (a) one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator         complexes connected to one or a plurality of a first         extracellular matrix protein fragments, and     -   (b) two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a         plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments.

A2. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1, wherein the light-responsive gelation initiator complex comprises a protein photoreceptor.

A1.1 A light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix comprising:

-   -   one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator         complexes comprising a protein photoreceptor CarHc and a         multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin, connected to one or a         plurality of a first extracellular matrix protein fragments, and     -   two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a         plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments,     -   wherein the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and         second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently         selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating         polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 23),         wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to         glutamate ranges from 10:1 to 1:10, n is an integer selected         from 2 to 25, the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag         and SpyCatcher, and     -   the matrix is responsive to light comprising a wavelength from         about o about 600 nm.

A1.2 The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1.1,

-   -   wherein a first telechelic biopolymer comprises a first         light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently hound to         the first extracellular matrix protein fragments which are         covalently bound to a first two or more cross-linkable proteins,         and a second telechelic biopolymer comprises a second         light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to         the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are         covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable         proteins.

A1.3 The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1.2,

-   -   wherein said first telechelic biopolymer is a recombinant         protein encoding for the first light-responsive gelation         initiator complex covalently bound to the first extracellular         matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a first         two or more cross-linkable proteins, and said second telechelic         biopolymer is a recombinant protein encoding for the second         light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to         the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are         covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable         proteins.

A3. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A2, wherein the protein photoreceptor is selected from: CarHc, LOV, PYP, phytochrome, and cytochrome.

A4. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A3, wherein the protein photoreceptor is CarHc.

A5. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1, wherein the light-responsive gelation initiator complex further comprises a multi-dentate ligand.

A6. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of 45, wherein the multi-dentate ligand is selected from: adenosylcobalamin,

cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, flavin, biliverdin, and streptavidin.

A7. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A6, wherein the multi-dentate ligand is adenosylcobalamin.

A8. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1, wherein the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from fragments of: collagen, fibronectin, gelatin, elastin, GB1 (immunoglobulin G-binding protein G), procollagen, and combinations thereof.

A9. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A9, wherein the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from fragments of elastin.

A10. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A9, wherein the elastin fragments comprise a repeating polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 19), wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to glutamate ranges from 100:1 to 1:100, and n is an integer between 1 to 100.

A11. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A10, wherein the ratio of valine to glutamate ranges from 10:1 to 1:10.

A12. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A11, wherein the ratio of valine to glutamate is 4:1

A13. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A10, wherein n is an integer between 1 to 10.

A14. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A10, wherein n is 15.

A15. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1, wherein the two or more cross-linkable proteins are selected from: CarHc and CarHc in the presence of AdoB₁₂ or other photosensitive protein, SpyTag and SpyCatcher, CL7 and Im7, and Strep-tag and Streptavidin.

A16. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A15, wherein the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and SpyCatcher.

A17. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1, wherein the matrix is responsive to light with a wavelength from about 300 nm to about 600 nm.

A18. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A17, wherein the matrix is responsive to light with a wavelength of about 520 nm.

A19. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A17, wherein the matrixexhibits a phase transition from gel to solution upon exposure to light.

A20. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1,

-   -   wherein the light-responsive gelation initiator complex         comprises the protein photoreceptor CarHc,     -   the light-responsive gelation initiator complex further         comprises the multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin,     -   the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second         extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently         selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating         polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO:20),         wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to         glutamate is 4:1, and n is 15,     -   the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and         SpyCatcher, and     -   the matrix is responsive to light with a wavelength from about         300 nm to about 600 nm.

A21. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A20,

-   -   wherein a first telechelic biopolymer comprises a first         light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to         the first extracellular matrix protein fragments which are         covalently bound to a first two or more cross-linkable proteins,         and a second telechelic biopolymer comprises a second         light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently hound to         the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are         covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable         proteins.

A22. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A21,

-   -   wherein said first telechelic biopolymer is a recombinant         protein encoding for the first light-responsive gelation         initiator complex covalently bound to the first extracellular         matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a first         two or more cross-linkable proteins, and said second telechelic         biopolymer is a recombinant protein encoding for the second         light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to         the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are         covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable         proteins.

A23. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A22,

-   -   wherein the first telechelic biopolymer and second telechelic         biopolymer independently have the linkage structure selected         from: CarHc-elastin-CarHc or CarHc-elastin-CarHc-elastin-CarHc.

A24. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A22,

-   -   wherein the first telechelic biopolymer and second telechelic         biopolymer independently have the linkage structure selected         from: SpyTag-CarHc-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-CarHc-SpyCatcher,         SpyTag-CarHc-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-CarHc, SpyCatcher-CarHc, and         CarHc-CL7.

A25. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A22,

-   -   wherein the first telechelic biopolymer and second telechelic         biopolymer independently have the linkage structure selected         from: SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyTag,         SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher,         SpyTag-elastin-CarHc-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarHc,         SpyCatcher-elastin-CarHc, and CarHc-elastin-CL7.

A26. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1,

-   -   wherein upon exposure to light with a wavelength from about 300         nm to about 600 nm, the matrix exhibits a phase transition from         gel to solution upon exposure to light.

A27. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1 further comprising a cell.

A28. The light-responsiv biopolymer matrix of A27, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.

A29. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A28, wherein the mammalian cell is a fibroblast or a stem cell.

A30. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A29, wherein the mammalian cell is a mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs).

A31. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1 further comprising an non-covalently bound protein.

A32. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A31, wherein the non-covalently bound protein is selected from therapeutic protein, cytokine, or a fluorescent protein.

A33. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A32, wherein the fluorescent protein is mCherry.

A34. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A32, wherein the therapeutic protein is an antibody.

A35. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1, further comprising water.

A36. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A35, rein the water content of the hydrogel is in the range from 70% to 99.5% (w/w).

A37. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A2, wherein the protein photoreceptor content of the hydrogel is in the range from 0.001% to 0.5% (w/w).

A38. An oligonucleotide sequence encoding the linkage structure of A25.

A39. The oligonucleotide sequence of A38, comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.

A40. The oligonucleotide sequence of A38, comprising a sequence having higher than 80% homology to that of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.

A41. The oligonucleotide sequence of A40, comprising a sequence having higher than 90% homology to that of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.

A42. The oligonucleotide sequence of A41, comprising a sequence having higher than 95% homology to that of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.

A43. The oligonucleotide sequence of A42, comprising a sequence having higher than 97.5% homology to that of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.

A43.5 A vector comprising the oligonucleotide sequences of A38 to A43.

A43.6 A plasmid comprising the vector of A43.5.

A44. A method for producing a light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix, the method comprising dissolving one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator complexes connected to one or a plurality of a first extracellular matrix protein fragments and two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments in an aqueous solution to form a gelation mixture under light which does not comprise a wavelength of less than about 600 nm,

-   -   wherein the light-responsive gelation initiator complex         comprises the protein photoreceptor CarHc;     -   wherein the light-responsive gelation initiator complex further         comprises the multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin;     -   wherein the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and         second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently         selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating         polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 20),         wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to         glutamate is 4:1, and n is 15, and     -   the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and         SpyCatcher.

A45. A method of capturing cells in a photoresponsive hydrogel matrix, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   dissolving one or more cells in an aqueous solution,     -   dissolving one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation         initiator complexes connected to one or a plurality of a first         extracellular matrix protein fragments and two or more         cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a plurality of a         second extracellular matrix protein fragments in the aqueous         solution comprising one or more cells to form a gelation mixture         under light which does not comprise a wavelength of less than         about 600 nm,     -   wherein the light-responsive gelation initiator complex         comprises the protein photoreceptor CarHc;     -   wherein the light-responsive gelation initiator complex further         comprises the mu dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin;     -   wherein the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and         second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently         selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating poly         peptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 20),         wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to         glutamate is 4:1, and n is 15, and     -   the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and         SpyCatcher.

A46. The method of A45, further comprising the steps of:

-   -   (c) contacting the gelation mixture with cell growth media to         form a gelation growth media, and     -   (d) incubate the gelation growth media to form incubated         gelation growth media.

A47. The method of A46, further comprising the step of:

-   -   (e) irradiate the incubated gelation growth media with light         comprising a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm to         transform the hydrogel into a liquid.

S48. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of A1 can further comprise one or more chromophore (such as cobalamin derivative) and/or one or more a chromophore-hosting protein that comprises a part of CarH with a chromophore.

EXAMPLES

The invention is now described with reference to the following Examples. These Examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only, and the invention is not limited to these Examples, but rather encompasses all variations that are evident as a result of the teaching provided herein.

The Examples described herein demonstrate that light-sensitive protein hydrogels can be created and used for light-selective release of cells and/or proteins. Aspects and embodiments of the instant disclosure stem from the unexpected discovery that certain light-sensitive protein hydrogel formulations have surprising, and unexpected, utility and efficacy when used to selectively release cells and/or proteins under selected light conditions.

The therapeutically effective light-sensitive protein hydrogels of this disclosure are prepared according to the synthetic scheme outlined above. However, the invention is not limited to those methods. The compositions may also be prepared as described herein for structurally related proteins and/or cells.

In some embodiments, this disclosure relates to a method for mammalian cell culturing. The cells can be mixed with the protein hydrogel in aqueous solutions which comprise cell growth media, before addition of the multi-dentate ligand. The cells form part of the hydrogel after introduction of the multi-dentate ligand (AdoB12) in the dark (FIG. 22) before soaked in media. Alternatively, cells can be plated on the protein hydrogel surface before soaked in media.

In some embodiments, the aqueous solution can be selected from PBS, water, DMEM, Hanks' BSS, Earle's salts, DPBS, HBSS, EBSS, MEM, GMEM, PRMI 1640, Isoves DMEM Leibovitz L-15, CHO, HEK293, Ham F10, Ham F12, and cominations thereof.

In some embodiments, the aqueous solution can comprise one or more of: glucose, growth factors, and Bicarbonate/HEPES buffer, a pH indicator, oxygen, carbon dioxide, vitamins, amino acids and other nutrients.

In some embodiments, the time b mixing and soaking can range from hour.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for releasing cells cultured in or on the protein-based light-responsive hydrogel. When exposed in effective light conditions, the hydrogels are characterized by undergoing solid-to-liquid transition. and releasing the cells imbedded or attached to it.

In all embodiments, the time required for cell release can vary from several seconds to tens of minutes depending on gel geometry, formulation, and light spectral characteristics and intensity, in some embodiments, gentle shaking further accelerates cell release.

Experimental Procedures Gene Construction and Protein Expression

Plasmids, such as pQE801::SpyTag-ELP-RGD-ELP-SpyTag (AA), pQE801::Spy Tag-ELP-SpTag-ELP-SpyTag (AAA), CarH_(C)-ELP-RGD-ELP-CarH_(C), and pQE801::SpyCatcher-ELP-SpyCatcher (BB), were constructed as described previously (Katz, Macromol. Biosci. 10: 339-348 (2010)). The carH_(C) gene was purchased as a gBlocks gene fragment from Integrated DNA Technologies, pQE801::SpyTag-ELP-carHC-ELP-SpyTag (ACA) and pQE801:SpyCatcher-ELP-carH_(C)-ELP-SpyCatcher(BCB) were constructed by replacing the middle RGD site with carH_(C) in pQE801::AA and pQE801::BB, respectively. pQE801 (SEQ ID NO: 13) was obtained from Qiagene. SacI and SpeI restriction sites were used. pET221)::mcherry-carH_(C) was constructed by inserting the mCherry gene into a pET22b-derived plasmid carrying a carH_(C) gene, and NdeI and SacI restriction sites were used. E. coli strain DH5α was used for plasmid amplification.

E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) was the bacterial host for protein expression. The bacterial cells were grown at 37° C. in LB to the midlog phase (OD at 600 nm, 0.6-0.8) followed by adding 1 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (Sangon Biotech) to induce protein expression at 37° C. After 4 h, cells were harvested and flash-frozen in liquid N₂ before protein purification. The proteins were purified on HisTrap columns (GE Healthcare, Inc.) following the column manufacturer's recommendations. The purified proteins were dialyzed against Milli-Q water (5 L×4) at 4° C. and lyophilized at −100° C. Lyophilized proteins were stored at −80° C. before use.

Table 1 (FIG. 29) summarizes the plasmid constructs, primers, and sources of manufacture of the polynucleotides used in this study.

Hydrogel Preparation

The ACA and BCB proteins were dissolved in PBS to yield 10 wt % solutions. AdoB₁₂ (Shaanxi Pioneer BioteCh) was dissolved in PBS to a final concentration of 9.2 mM. ACA and BCB were mixed at an equimolar ratio followed by addition of a stoichiometric amount of AdoB₁₂ in the dark at room temperature.

Dynamic Shear Rheology

Dynamic time-, strain-, and frequency-sweep experiments were performed on a TA Instruments ARES-RFS strain-controlled rheometer with a standard steel parallel-plate geometry (8-mm diameter). Gelation of the mixture of 31 μL BCB (10 wt % in PBS). 19 μL ACA (10 wt % in PBS), and 10 μL AdoB₁₂ (9.2 mM in PBS) was monitored by time-sweep measurement, with strain and frequency fixed at 5% and 1 rad/s, respectively, at 25° C. for 7 h. Strain sweep was performed from 0.1 to 10% at a fixed frequency of 1 rads at 25° C. Frequency sweep was performed from 100 to 0.01 rad/s by holding the strain at 5% at the temperature indicated (16, 25, or 37° C.). All of the samples were wrapped with aluminum foil to avoid light during the rheological measurements. Photolysis was conducted by exposing the CarH_(C)-comprising hydrogel to white LED light (30 or 90 klux) comprising a wavelength of light between about 300 nm and about 600 nm, and dynamic time sweep was used to monitor the gel-sol transition.

Protein Immobilization and Light-Induced Release

The AAA and BCB proteins and the AdoB₁₂ cofactor were dissolved in the PBS solution containing mCherry-CarH_(C) or mCherry (50 μM) to yield 10 wt % protein solutions for AAA and BCB and a 9.2 mM solution for AdoB₁₂, respectively. Hydrogels were prepared by mixing the three solutions 36 μL BCB, 7.5 μL AAA, and 7 μL AdoB₁₂ and cured in the dark for 24 h. To examine the effect of light on the protein release, the gels were either exposed to white LED light (90 klux) comprising a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm for 10 min or constantly kept in the dark as a control. Both groups of samples were immersed with 500 μL PBS and transferred to the dark. To determine the amounts of protein released into the supernatant, aliquots (100 μL) were taken for fluorescence measurements (excitation at 587 nm and emission at 610 nm) with a Varioskan LUX multimode microplate reader (Thermo Scientific) at different time points, and 100 μL fresh PBS was added back to keep the supernatant volume constant.

Encapsulation and Light-Induced Release of 3T3 Fibroblasts and hMSCs

NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts were cultured in high-glucose DMEM (Sangon Biotech) supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) FBS (Sangon Biotech), 1% (vol/vol) penicillin-streptomycin (Saigon Biotech), and 1% (vol/vol) nonessential amino acids (Sangon Biotech) in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere at 37° C. and passaged every 3 days. At 70-80% confluence, cells were detached with 1 mL trypsin solution (Sangon Biotech) followed by addition of 2 mL DMEM to neutralize the trypsin. Around 60,000 cells were pelleted and resuspended with 31 μL BCB in DMEM (10 wt %) and then placed on a cell culture dish with a coverslip bottom. Gelation was initiated by adding 19 μL ACA in PBS (10 wt %) and 10 μL AdoB₁₂ in PBS (9.2 mM). The gel was cured in the dark for 2 hrs. before being covered with the culture medium. After 24 hrs. of incubation and washing with Dulbecco's PBS (Sangon Biotech), live/dead cell viability assays (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were conducted. Fluorescence images were obtained on a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope [LSM7 DUO (710+LIVE); Zeiss].

hMSCs were provided as a gift from Chao Wan, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. The cells were cultured at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ in MEM Alpha (Gibco) supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) FBS (Gibco), 2 mM L-glutamine, and 1% (vol/vol) penicillin-streptomycin. Cells were passaged every 5-6 days using 0.25% trypsin (Sangon Biotech) solution. The encapsulation procedure was similar to that of 3T3 fibroblasts as described above.

For cell release/recovery experiments, cell-laden gels were rinsed and immersed by PBS before exposure to white light (halogen lamp in the microscope, ˜22 klux). Cell release was monitored and recorded with an optical microscope equipped with a camera (Olympus CKX41). The live/dead staining assay was performed to examine the viability of recovered cells. Quantification of cell viability was done by counting live and dead cells in the micrographs (n≥4) that were randomly chosen.

Example 1: Protein Construct Design

To polymerize polypeptides comprising CarH_(C), two gene constructs were designed encoding the telechelic proteins SpyTag-elastin-CarH_(C)-elastin-SpyTag (ACA; 41 kDa) and SpyCatcher-elastin-CarH_(C)-SpyCatcher (BCB; 68 kDa), respectively (FIG. 1B). The ELP (elastin-like polypeptide, or extracellular matrix protein fragment) domain comprises repeating pentapeptides (VPGXG)₁₅(SEQ ID NO: 20), where X represents either valine or glutamate at a ratio of 4:1, a composition that enhances the expression yield and solubility of these recombinant proteins under physiological conditions. The reaction of SpyTag and SpyCatcher was designed to covalendy stitch together CarH_(C) to form protein biopolymers, of which interchain interactions will be dominated by the AdoB₁₂-induced CarHc tetramerization (FIG. 1B).

Example 2: Synthesis of CarH_(C) Hydrogels

Using an Escherichia coli expression system, sufficient amounts of the ACA (98 mg/L) and BCB (66 mg/L) proteins with high purity (FIG. 6-9) were produced and isolaged. After extensive dialysis against distilled water and lyophilization, the resulting protein powders were readily dissolved in PBS. The two protein solutions, ACA and BCB (10 wt % in PBS), were mixed at an equimolar ratio immediately followed by addition of a stoichiometric amount of AdoB 12 to initiate gelation at room temperature in the dark. A red gel-like material was formed within 5 min; the gelation typically continued for at least 7 h in the dark before any subsequent analysis. The resulting gel was sensitive to light and converted to liquid on exposure to white LED light (30 klux) within 20 min (FIG. 2B). observed gel-sol transition can be explained by the light-induced disassembly of CarH_(C) tetramers (FIGS. 1A & 1B). A subsequent size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis showed that the major elution peak of the light-degraded products as well as that of the reaction products of ACA+BCB in the absence of AdoB₁₂ appeared at the void volume (V₀; 8.7 mL), corresponding to a molecular weight that exceeds the exclusion limit (2×106) (FIG. 9). This SEC result further confirmed a sufficient pymerization of the CarH_(C) proteins enabled by the SpyTag-SpyCatcher reaction during gelation.

Example 3. Physical Properties of CarH_(C) Hydrogels (Also Referred to as “Light-Sensitve or Photosensitive Protein Hydrogels”)

Dynamic shear rheology was performed to monitor the gelation process. Simply mixing ACA and BCB in the absence of the AdoB₁₂ cofactor only led to a liquid-like material that exhibited a very low storage modulus G′ (FIG. 2A). However, the reaction of ACA+BCB in the presence of AdoB₁₂ under dark conditions led to a gradually increased storage modulus G′ that reached a steady value of ˜0.66 kPa after 7 h and a much lower loss modulus G″ (˜0.04 kPa), suggesting that AdoBp-mediated CarH_(C) tetramerization is essential for the hydrogel formation (FIG. 2A). The G′ of the hydrogel quickly dropped under constant light exposure, reflecting a typical gel-sol transition process (FIG. 2B), and the rates of the transition were affected by the light intensity (FIG. 2C). A stepwise gel-sol transition was also achieved by exposing the hydrogel to a pulsed light (FIG. 2D). Given the noncovalent nature of CarH_(C) tetramerization, the CarH_(C) hydrogel composed of ACA+BCB displays frequency-dependent viscoelastic properties. However, the frequency sweep test on the CarH_(C) hydrogel at room temperature (25° C.) showed a steady storage modulus (0.58-0.81 kPa) over an angular frequency of 0.01-100 rad/s (FIG. 10A), which is indicative of static interchain interactions. One possible explanation is that the CarH_(C) tetramers within the hydrogel network are kinetically inert, of which the disassembly or exchange takes longer than the timescale for the lowest shear frequency tested (628 s). Assuming that all of the CarHc domains form tetramers, a theoretical estimate of the G′ of the CarHc hydrogel (8.3 wt %) is ˜0.94 kPa based on G=ρRT/Mc, where the average molecular mass between cross-links M_(c) is ˜218 kDa (2ACA+2BCB). The observed G′ matches well with the theoretical estimate, suggesting the sufficient assembly of the CarHc domains within the hydrogel network. The CarH_(C) hydrogel also exhibited stability toward mechanical deformation (1-10% strain) as revealed by the strain-sweep test at room temperature (FIG. 10B).

The ELP (elastin-polypeptide, also referred to as “elastin”) domains are known to have a unique phase transition behavior at a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The LCST of the ELP domain that was selected was 25° C. to 30° C. To investigate the influence of temperature on these ELP-based hydrogel properties, rheology studies on the hydrogels were performed at different temperatures (16° C., 25° C., and 37° C.) and little change in their rheological behaviors was observed, suggesting that the phase transition of ELPs has negligible effects on macroscopic mechanical properties of the materials.

The CarH_(C) hydrogel comprising ACA+BCB+AdoB₁₂ exhibited moderate swelling in PBS at room temperature, and the swelling ratio, calculated as the ratio of the wet gel weight to the city protein weight, reached maximum (˜25) from an initial ratio of 12 within 3 d (FIG. 11). The hydrogel is also stable. Only ˜6% of the gel was eroded in the presence of excess PBS at room temperature after 10 d (FIG. 12).

Example 4. Cell Encapsulation and Light-Induced Release/Recovery

A 3D cell culture system that allows cells to be encapsulated and readily released/recovered without resorting to complicated chemical or proteolytic degradation is important for the study of cell matrix interactions and tissue engineering applications. The CarH_(C) hydrogel comprising the linkage structures ACA+BCB+AdoB₁₂ undergoes a rapid gel-sol transition on light exposure which allows for facile recovery and release of cells after 3D culturing. First, the cytocompatibility of the CarHc hydrogel using mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) was examined. To encapsulate the cells, the BCB solution containing the cells was mixed thoroughly with the ACA solution at a 1:1 molar ratio followed by adding a stoichiometric amount of AdoB₁₂ to initiate gelation in the dark. After 2 h of curing, the gels were covered with culture medium and incubated under standard conditions (37° C. at 5% CO₂) away from light. After 24 h, a live/dead staining was performed to examine the cell viability. Most of the embedded fibroblasts (88±3%) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs; 92±2%) remained viable (FIGS. 3A & 3B), indicating that the CarH_(C) hydrogel is nontoxic to these cells.

Rapid gelation is required by cell encapsulation applications. The gelation rate of the CarH_(C) hydrogel system depends on two events: the SpyTag-SpyCatcher reaction and AdoB₁₂-dependent CarH_(C) self-assembly. The SpyTag-SpyCatcher reaction is likely to be the rate-limiting step, because its second-order rate constant is 1.4×10³M⁻¹s⁻¹, which is far from the diffusion limit and substantially slower than some other biomolecular interactions, such as the streptavidinbiotin interaction. In some embodiments, the reaction kinetics of SpyTag-SpyCatcher can be optimized through directed evolution to accelerate the gelation. In some alternative embodiments, the efficiency of CarH_(C) self-assembly can be improved through protein engineering, so that a hydrogel system solely based on the CarH_(C) tetramerization can be developed to enable swift cell encapsulation.

The cell-laden gels were exposed to white light comprising a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm to recover the aforementioned encapsulated cells. The cells migrated along with the melting gel, indicating that these cells were indeed encapsulated in a 3D manner (FIGS. 4A-4D). Within 5 min, the gels were completely transformed into liquid accompanied with a complete release of the cells. The live/dead staining showed that the majority of recovered cells (3T3: 90±7%; MSCs: 88±5%) remained viable, indicating that the photolysis of the CarH_(C) hydrogels is amicable to the encapsulated cells (FIG. 4B and FIG. 4D). The photodegradation of AdoB₁₂ in CarH does not use a typical radical mechanists, and its photolytic product is 4′,5′-anhydroadenosine instead of more common 5′-dAdo radicals, Although adenosine could lead to cytotoxicity at relatively high concentrations or after prolonged exposure, there has been no direct evidence pointing to the cytotoxicity or any other side effect of its analog 4′,5′-anhydroadenosine on cell phenotypes. In addition, only trace amounts of unbound AdoB₁₂ (1 μM) exists in the CarH_(C) hydrogel (8.3 wt %) given the dissociation constant K_(d) for the AdoB₁₂-CarH complex (0.8 μM). Therefore, the radical species resulting from the photolysis of the free AdoB₁₂ is negligible and can hardly cause cytotoxicity. Both the nonradical photolysis of the AdoB₁₂ binding CarH_(C) and the very low concentration of the free AdoB₁₂ contribute to the high viability of these cells recovered from the protein hydrogels.

Example 5. Light-Induced Protein Release

Protein drugs, an important category of modem therapeutics, have a short half-life time inside the body because of rapid plasma clearance and proteolytic degradation, which constitutes a fundamental challenge for their delivery. The feasibility of using the photoresponsive CarH_(C)-ELP hydrogel system to encapsulate and release protein molecules in a controlled manner was investigated. Two recombinant proteins, SpyTag-elastin-like polypeptide-SpyTag-elastin-like polypeptide-SpyTag (represented by the structural linkage “AAA”) (FIG. 6 and FIG. 13) and BCB, were synthesized with an elastin protein fragment to generate a covalently cross-linked ELP hydrogel. The two proteins were dissolved in PBS to make 10 wt % solutions. Gelation was initiated by mixing the two components at a 2:3 molar ratio and a stoichiometric amount of AdoB₁₂ in the dark. Dynamic shear rheology experiments in time-, frequency- and strain-sweep modes and erosion tests further confirmed the formation of a stable hydrogel (G′=0.96 kPa and G″=0.03 Pa) by AAA+BCB+AdoB₁₂ (FIGS. 14A-14C, respectively, and FIG. 15).

To test the feasibility of this covalently cross-linked CarH_(C) hydrogel for controlled protein release, a recombinant CarH_(C)-fusion mCherry protein was constructed and used as a model substrate (FIG. 1 and FIG. 16). The model fusion protein complex mCherry-CarH_(C) protein can be physically tethered to the hydrogel network through AdoB₁₂-dependent CarH_(C) self-assembly in the dark and light exposure disassembles the CarH_(C) tetramers and facilitates the release of mCherry-CarH_(C) (FIG. 5A). Three sets of mCherry-CarH_(C)-decorated hydrogels were synthesized and immersed in PBS; two were exposed to the white LED light (90 klux) for 1 and 10 min before beinu moved to the dark, and the third one was kept in the dark all of the time. Aliquots of the supernatant were taken to analyze the release of mCherry over 24 h. FIG. 5B shows that about 24 and 45% of mCherry-CarH_(C) were released from the gels that were subjected to 1- and 10-min light exposure, respectively, after 24 h, whereas the release was substantially slower in the gel always kept in the dark with less than 10% of mCherry-CarH_(C) released. This result indicate that controlled protein release in this system can be readily achieved by adjusting the duration of the light exposure. For the mCherry protein lacking the CarH_(C) domain, its release from the AAA+BCB hydrogel was light-independent, because similar amounts of free mCherry (˜50%) were detected in the supernatants under the dark and bright conditions, further corroborating that the CarH_(C) domain is essential for the light-controlled release (FIG. 17) It is also noteworthy that, despite two tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage sites in the BCB construct, the covalently cross-linked hydrogels composed of AAA+BCB+AdoB₁₂ were resistant toward TEV digestion at room temperature under both dark and bright (white LED light; 90 klux) conditions (FIG. 18). These ELP-based covalent networks served as physical barriers to protect the encapsulated proteins/peptides from proteolysis, even after photolysis. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using the photoresponsive CarH_(C) hydrogel for controlled protein delivery/release.

This light-sensitive protein hydrogel system represents one embodiment of using AdoB₁₂ photochemistry to control the material properties and thus, supports a versatile strategy for creating photoresponsive materials.

Example 6: Preparation of Light-Responsive Protein-Based Hydrogel

ACA and BCB proteins were dissolved in PBS to yield 10 wt % solutions. Adenosylcobalamin was dissolved in PBS to a final concentration of 9.2 mM. ACA and BCB were mixed at an equimolar ratio followed by addition of a stoichiometric amount of adenosylcobalamin in the dark at room temperature.

Example 7: Mammalian Cell Encapsulation and Culture

Around 60,000 freshly isolated cells were pelleted and resuspended with 31 μL BCB in DMEM (10 wt %) and then placed on a cell culture dish with a coverslip bottom, Gelation was initiated by adding 19 μL ACA in PBS (10 wt %) and 10 μL AdoB12 in PBS (9.2 mM). The gel (FIG. 22) was cured in the dark for 1 hr before being covered with the culture medium, which was replaced by new medium every 3 days.

Example 8: Light-Controlled Cell Release From Hydrogel

Cell-laden gels were rinsed and immersed by PBS before exposure to white light (halogen lamp in the microscope, 22 klux) for 5 minutes to release cells (FIGS. 4A-4D). Cells remained alive as proven by live/dead staining (FIGS. 3A & 3B).

Example 9: Mammalian Cell Subculture

Cells (3T3 fibroblasts) released from Example 8 were pelleted by centrifugation, and then resuspended in BCB following the methods described in Example 7, and further encapsulated in a new piece of hydrogel for another round of culture. FIG. 24A shows the live/dead stain of cells released once, then FIG. 24B shows further encapsulated in a new piece of hydrogel then released again. The results show the cells remain alive after multiple capture/culture/release steps.

Example 10: Cell Capture and Release of Neuronal Cells

PC-12 cells representing neuronal cells were captured and released as described above for Example 4. FIG. 23 shows the live/dead staining of recovered PC-12 neuronal cells, indicating that all cells remained alive after release from the protein hydrogel. This experiment demonstrates that a multitude of cell types can be captured, cultured, and release by the methods described herein.

Example 11: Post-Release Cell Content Analysis

Cells embedded in gels can be treated with drug or functional chemicals. After a selected period of time, cells can be isolated from gels using light and enabled for use in transcription analysis, protein expression analysis, cell sorting, transplantation, etc.

Example 12: Controlled Drug Release

A therapeutic protein drug model (mCherry-CarHc) was encapsulated in the hydrogel before exposure to light comprising a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm (FIG. 5A). The protein release profile can be controlled by tuning incident light exposure time (FIG. 5B).

Example 13: Potential Treatment of Skin Cancer

Subjects with skin cancer in principle can be treated by parental administration with a light-sensitive protein hydrogel comprising a therapeutic protein and/or antibody and/or cell of the Examples described herein at a dose of between 0.01 and 0.5% (w/w), with additional applications of the hydrogel composition administered as needed.

Example 14: Potential Optically Controlled Therapeutic Delivery in Deep Tissue

Photosensitive protein hydrogels comprising native AdoB12 are not responsive to white light when imbedded deep in tissue. However, a photosensitive protein hydrogel comprising AdoB12 connected to a photosensitizer, wherein the photosensitizer is a fluorophore, can make the protein responsive to infrared light which is transparent to the skin and tissue (52). Encapsulated cells in a photosensitive protein hydrogel comprising AdoB12 connected to a photosensitizer, wherein the photosensitizer is a fluorophore, can be prepared as described herein. The formulated encapsulated cells can be embedded under the tissue, then irradiated with infrared light which releases the encapsulated cells. In some embodiments, 2-photon excitation can be used to trigger the release of protein therapeutics from this type of light-responsive protein hydrogels in deep tissue.

Example 15: Synthesis of Cobalamin Derivatives Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalamin-TAMRA Conjugate (Cbl-1)

Synthesis of β-(3-aminopropyl)cobalamin 1: β(3-aminopropypcobalamin 1 can be prepared from hydroxocobalamin and 3-chloropropylamine hydrochloride according to a literature procedure (C. G. Bochet, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 2140-2142; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2071 2073, herein incorporated by reference). Purification can be achieved according to literature procedure (L. T. Nguyen, N. P. Oien, N. L. Allbritton, D. S. Lawrence Angew. Chem. 2013, 125, 10120-10123) to afford an orange solid; the compound is can be characterized by ESI MS, electrospray mass spectrometry.

Synthesis of Cobalamin-TAMRA Conjugate (Cbl-1): Cbl-1 can be prepared from β-(3-aminopropyl)cobalamin 1 and 5-carboxytetramethylthodamine (TAMPA) according to a literature procedure (C. G. Bochet, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 2140-2142; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2071-2073, herein incorporated by reference). Purification can be achieved according to literature procedure (L. T. Nguyen, N. P. Oien, N. L. Allbritton, D. S. Lawrence, Angew. Chem. 2013, 125, 10120-10123) to afford a red solid; the compound is expected to be characterized by ESI MS calcd. for C90H118N16O18PCo (M2+): m/z=900.4, expected to be found 900.5; where calcd. for (M3+): m/z=600.3, expected to be found 600.3.

Synthesis and characterization of β-(3-acetamidopropyl)cobalamin (Cbl-2). Synthesis of β-(3-acetamidopropyl)cobalamin (Cbl2): Acetic acid (0.0022 g, 38 μmol), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl--O-(N-succinimidypuranium tetrafluoroborate (TSTU, 0.0242 g, 80 μmol), and DIPEA (0.0234 g, 181 μmol), can be mixed for 1 h in a 2:2:1 dimethylformaraide:dioxane:water solution (250 μL ), β-(3-aminopropyl)cobalamin 1 can be added and the reaction can be mixed for 18 h. The desired compound can be purified by HPLC (semiprepative C-18 column) using a linear gradient binary solvent system (solvent A: 0.1% TFA/H2O; solvent B: 0.1% TFA/CH3CN) with a ratio of A:B that can vary from 97:3 (0 min) to 10:90 (40 min), Removal of solvent by lyophilization is expected to afford an orange solid which can be characterized by ESI MS.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalamin-Fluorophore Conjugates (Cbl3, Cbl4, Cbl5, Cbl6, and Cbl7)

General synthesis of cobalamin-fluorophore conjugates: The N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of a fluorophore (1 eq.), β-(3-aminopropyl)cobalamin 1 (1.5 eq.), and diisopropylethylamine (6 eq.) can be mixed in dimethylformamide for 18 h. The desired compound can be purified by HPLC (semiprepative C-18 column) using a linear gradient binary solvent system (solvent A: 0.1% TFA/H2O; solvent B: 0.1% TFA/CH3CN) with a ratio of A:B that can vary from 97:3 (0 min) to 10:90 (40 min). Removal of solvent by lyophilization is expected to afford a solid.

Cobalamin-SulfoCy5 Conjugate (Cbl-3): can be characterized by ESI MS.

Cobalamin-Atto725 Conjugate (Cbl-4): can be characterized by ESI MS.

Cobalamin-Dylight800 Conjugate (Cbl-5): can be characterized by ESI MS.

Cobalamin-Alexa700 Conjugate (Cbl-6): can be characterized by ESI MS.

Cobalamin-BODIPY650 Conjugate Cbl-Bod): can be characterized by ESI MS.

Synthesis and Characterization of Coenzyme B12-TAMRA Conjugate AdoCbl-1

Synthesis of coenzyme B12-ethylenediamine conjugate 2: Coenzyme B12 (0.0209 g, 13 μmol) and 1,1′-carbonyldi-(1,2,4-triazole) (0.0142 g, 87 μmol) can be added to an oven-dried round bottom flask. The vessel can be purged with Ar. Dry dimethylformamide (0.2 mL) can be added to the flask and the mixture can be stirred at roorn temperature for 1 h. Ethylenediamine (0.0270 g, 450 μmol) can be added to the reaction mixture and stirring continued for another 18 h. The desired compound can be purified by HPLC (semiprepati ve C-18 column) using a linear gradient binary sol vent system (solvent A: 0.1% TFA/H2O; solvent B: 0.1% TFA/CH3CN) with a ratio of A:B that can vary from 97:3 (0 min) to 10:90 (40 min). Removal of solvent by lyophilization is expected to afford an orange solid which can be characterized by ESI MS.

Synthesis of coenzyme B12-TAMRA conjugate (AdoCbl-1): N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethl-O-(N-succinimidyl)uranium tetrafluoroborate (TSTU, 0.0139 g, 46 μmolL), TAMRA (0.0127 g, 30 μmol) and DIPEA (0.0230 g, 178 μmol), can be mixed for 2 h in a 2:2:1 dimethylformainide:dioxane:water solution (250 μL). Coenzyme B12-ethylenediamine conjugate 2 (0.0039 g, 2.3 μmol) can be added and the reaction can be mixed for 18 h. The desired compound can be purified by HPLC (semiprepative C-18 column) using a linear gradient binary solvent system (solvent A: 0.1% TFA/H2O; solvent B: 0.1% TFA/CH3CN) with a ratio of A:B that can vary from 97:3 (0 min) to 10:90 (40 min). Removal of solvent by lyophilization is expected to afford a red solid which can be characterized by ESI MS.

Synthesis and Characterization of Coenzyme B12Fluorophore Conjugates AdoCbl2, AdoCbl-3, and AdoCbl4

General synthesis of cobalamin-fluorophore conjugates: The N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of a fluorophore (1 eq.), coenzyme B12-ethylenediamine conjugate 2 (1.5 eq.), and diisopropylethylamine (6 eq.) can be mixed in dimethylformamide for 18 hrs. The desired compound can be purified by HPLC (serniprepative C-18 column) using a linear gradient binary solvent system (solvent A: 0.1% TFA/H2O; solvent B: 0.1% TFA/CH3CN) with a ratio of A:B that varied from 97:3 (0 min) to 10:90 (40 min), Removal of solvent by lyophilization is expected to afford a solid.

Coenzyme B12-SulfoCy5 Conjugate (AdoCbl-2): can be characterized by ESI MS.

Coenzyme B12-Atto725 Conjugate: blue solid (AdoCbl-3), can be characterized by ESI MS.

Coenzyme B12-Dylight800 Conjugate (AdoCbl-4): can be characterized by ESI MS.

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Patents, patent applications, publications, scientific articles, books, web sites, other documents and materials, and products referenced or mentioned herein are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the inventions pertain. Each such referenced document, material and product is hereby incorporated by reference herein to the same extent as if it had been incorporated by reference in its entirety individually or set forth or reprinted herein in its entirety. Additionally, all claims in this application, and all priority applications (if any), including but not limited to original claims, are hereby incorporated in their entirety into, and form a part of, the written description of the invention. Applicant reserves the right to physically incorporate into this specification any and all materials and information from any such patents, applications, publications, scientific articles, web sites, electronically available information, and other referenced materials or documents. Applicant reserves the right to physically incorporate into any part of this document, including any part of the written description, and the claims referred to above, including, but not limited to, any original claims.

The inventions have been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of these inventions. This includes the generic description of each invention which hereby include, including any claims thereto, a proviso or negative limitation removing, or optionally allowing the removal of, any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised materials, or options, were specifically recited or identified in haec vertu herein, and all such variations form a part of the original written description of the inventions. In addition, where features, or aspects, of an invention are described in terms of a Markush group, the invention shall be understood thereby to be described in terms of each and every, and any, individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

The inventions illustratively described and claimed herein can suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein, or described herein, as essential. Thus, for example, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” “for example,” etc., shall be read expansively and without limitation. The term “including” means “including but not limited to.” The phrase “for example” was not limited to, or by, the items that follow the phrase.

In claiming their inventions, the inventors reserve the right to substitute any transitional phrase with any other transitional phrase, and the inventions shall be understood to include such substituted transitions and form part of the original written description of the inventions. Thus, for example, the term “comprising” may be replaced with either of the transitional phrases “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.”

The methods and processes illustratively described herein may be suitably practiced in differing orders of steps. They are not necessarily restricted to the orders of steps indicated herein, or in the claims.

The terms and expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there was no intention in the use of such terms and expressions, or any portions thereof, to exclude any equivalents now know or later developed, whether or not such equivalents are set forth or shown or described herein or whether or not such equivalents are viewed as predictable, but it was recognized that various modifications are within the scope of the invention claimed, whether or not those claims issued with or without alteration or amendment for any reason. Thus, it shall be understood that, although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modifications and variations of the inventions embodied therein or herein disclosed can be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the inventions disclosed and claimed herein.

Specific methods and compositions described herein are representative of preferred embodiments and are exemplary of, and not intended as limitations on, the scope of the invention. Other objects, aspects, and embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of this specification, and are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims. Where examples are given, the description shall be construed to include, but not to be limited to, only those examples, it will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, and from the description of the inventions, including those illustratively set forth herein, it was manifest that various modifications and equivalents can be used to implement the concepts of the present invention, without departing from its scope. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Thus, for example, additional embodiments are within the scope of the invention and within the following claims.

While this invention has been disclosed with reference to specific embodiments, it was apparent that other embodiments and variations of this invention can be devised by those skilled in the art, without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The appended claims include all such embodiments and equivalent variations. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix comprising: (a) one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator complexes comprising the protein photoreceptor CarHc and the multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin, connected to one or a plurality of a first extracellular matrix protein fragments, and (b) two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments, wherein the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 23), wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to glutamate ranges from 10:1 to 1:10, n is an integer selected from 2 to 25, the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and SpyCatcher, and the matrix is responsive to light comprising a wavelength from about 300 nm to about 600 nm.
 2. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 1, wherein a first telechelic biopolymer which comprises a first light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the first extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a first two or more cross-linkable proteins, and a second telechelic biopolymer which comprises a second light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable proteins.
 3. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 2, wherein said first telechelic biopolymer is a recombinant protein encoding for the first light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the first extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a first two or more cross-linkable proteins, and said second telechelic biopolymer is a recombinant protein encoding for the second light-responsive gelation initiator complex covalently bound to the second extracellular matrix protein fragments which are covalently bound to a second two or more cross-linkable proteins.
 4. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 3, wherein the first telechelic biopolymer and second telechelic biopolymer independently have the linkage structure selected from: SpyTag-CarH_(C)-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-CarH_(C)-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-Car_(C)-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-CarH_(C), SpyCatcher-CarH_(C), and CarH_(C)-CL7.
 5. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 3, wherein the first telechelic biopolymer and second telechelic biopolymer independently have the linkage structure selected from: SpyTag-elastin-CarH_(C)-elastin-SpyTag, SpyCatcher-elastin-CarH_(C)-elastin-SpyCatcher SpyTag-elastin-CarH_(C)-elastin-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-elastin-CarH_(C), SpyCatcher-elastin-CarH_(C) and CarH_(C)-elastin-CL7.
 6. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 1, wherein upon exposure to light with a wavelength from about 300 nm to about 600 nm, the matrix exhibits a phase transition from gel to solution.
 7. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 1 further comprising a mammalian cell.
 8. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 7, wherein the mammalian cell is a fibroblast or a stem cell.
 9. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 8, wherein the stem cell is a mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC).
 10. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 1 further comprising an non-covalently bound protein selected from therapeutic protein, cytokine, or a fluorescent protein.
 11. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 10, wherein the fluorescent protein is mCherry.
 12. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 1, further comprising water.
 13. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 12, wherein the water content of the hydrogel is in the range from 70% to 99.5% (w/w).
 14. The light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix of claim 1, wherein the protein photoreceptor content of the hydrogel is in the range from 0.001% to 0.5% (w/w).
 15. An oligonucleotide encoding the linkage structure of claim comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 16. An oligonucleotide encoding the linkage structure of claim 5, comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
 17. A method for producing a light-responsive hydrogel biopolymer matrix, the method comprising dissolving one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator complexes comprising the protein photoreceptor CarH_(C) and the multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin connected to one or a plurality of a first extracellular matrix protein fragments and two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments in an aqueous solution to form a gelation mixture under light which does not comprise a wavelength of less than about 600 nm, wherein the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 23), wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to glutamate ranges from 10:1 to 1:10, n is an integer selected from 2 to 25, and the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and SpyCatcher.
 18. A method of culturing cells in a photoresponsive hydrogel matrix, the method comprising the steps of: (a) dissolving one or more cells in an aqueous solution, (b) dissolving one or a plurality of light-responsive gelation initiator complexes comprising the protein photoreceptor CarH_(C) and the multi-dentate ligand adenosylcobalamin connected to one or a plurality of a first extracellular matrix protein fragments and two or more cross-linkable proteins connected to one or a plurality of a second extracellular matrix protein fragments in an aqueous solution comprising one or more cells to form a gelation mixture under light which does not comprise a wavelength of less than about 600 nm, wherein the first extracellular matrix protein fragments and second extracellular matrix protein fragments are independently selected from elastin fragments which comprise a repeating polypeptide having the sequence of (VPGXG)_(n) (SEQ ID NO: 24), wherein X represents valine or glutamate, the ratio of valine to glutamate ranges from 10:1 to 1:10, n is an integer selected from 5 to 25, and the two or more cross-linkable proteins are SpyTag and SpyCatcher.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the steps of (c) contacting the gelation mixture with cell growth media to form a gelation growth media, and (d) incubating the gelation growth media to form incubated gelation growth media.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of: (e) irradiating the incubated gelation growth media with light comprising a wavelength between about 300 nm and about 600 nm to transform the hydrogel into a liquid resulting in release of the cells from the gelation mixture. 